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Ann Coloproctol > Volume 39(3); 2023 > Article
Mascarenhas, Morais, Teixeira, and Macedo: A case report of an unexpected colonic polyp: cavernous hemangioma

Abstract

Cavernous hemangiomas of the colon are rare, benign vascular lesions, and the site most commonly affected is the rectosigmoid junction. Surgical treatment is recommended for large diffuse lesions but in the presence of pedunculated lesions, endoscopic resection should be preferred if possible. We report a case of a 65-year-old man referred for colonoscopy after positive fecal occult blood, that revealed at the level of the sigmoid colon, a wide base pedunculated polyp (35 mm) occupying more than half of the lumen, with the covering mucosa with a vinous appearance. In order to remove the lesion, a detachable snare was placed and polypectomy was performed. During the procedure, the detachable snare was cut with active bleeding, controlled after clip placement and diluted adrenaline injection. Afterwards, histology revealed a polypoid lesion with a hyperplastic mucosa and submucosal plane expanded by numerous thick-walled vessels in the context of a cavernous colonic hemangioma.

INTRODUCTION

Cavernous hemangiomas of the colon are rare, benign vascular lesions, and the site most commonly affected is the rectosigmoid junction. Surgical treatment is recommended for large diffuse lesions but in the presence of pedunculated lesions, endoscopic resection should be preferred if possible.
We report a case of a 65-year-old man referred for colonoscopy after positive fecal occult blood.

CASE REPORT

A 65-year-old man with no relevant personal history and no usual medication was referred for colonoscopy after positive fecal occult blood test. He had no symptoms and blood tests revealed no signs of anemia or iron deficiency.
Colonoscopy was performed and revealed, at the level of the sigmoid colon, a wide base pedunculated polyp (35 mm) occupying more than half of the lumen, with the covering mucosa with a vinous appearance (Fig. 1).
In order to remove the lesion, a detachable snare was placed and hot-snare polypectomy was performed. During the procedure, the detachable sna re was inadvertently cut, with active bleeding that was controlled after clip placement and diluted adrenaline injection (Fig. 2). The patient was admitted for surveillance after the procedure and was discharged after 1 day and did not have bleeding recurrence during the follow-up. The anatomopathological report described a polypoid lesion with hyperplastic mucosa and submucosal plane expanded by numerous thick-walled vessels in the context of cavernous colonic hemangioma (Figs. 3, 4). Colonoscopy was repeated after 3 months and the scar of the previous polypectomy was observed, without evidence of residual lesion.

Ethics statements

Written informed consent was obtained for publication of this case report and accompanying images.

DISCUSSION

Gastrointestinal hemangiomas are a rare, benign clinical entity that may present as overt or occult bleeding and can be distributed throughout the intestinal digestive system, or present as a singular cavernous hemangioma or malformation [1]. Regarding colonic cavernous hemangiomas the site most commonly affected is the rectosigmoid junction [2].
Colonoscopy is an invaluable tool, being both diagnostic and potentially therapeutic, with cyanoacrylate glue injection, endoscopic mucosal resection, and a variety of thermal modes, including argon plasma coagulation, being part of the therapeutic armamentarium that can possible be used to ablate this type of lesion [3]. Furthermore, there are case reports that validate endoscopic submucosal dissection as an efficient alternative for the complete removal of large colonic cavernous hemangiomas [4]. Surgical treatment is recommended for large diffuse lesions but in the presence of pedunculated lesions, endoscopic resection is a viable and less invasive option [5]. After a PubMed database search, we conclude that this is the second case report of successful removal of pedunculated colonic hemangioma by endoscopic snare polypectomy.
Endoscopic resection does have a significant probability of bleeding and a relevant bowel perforation risk, but it may constitute a less invasive alternative to surgery for smaller and focal vascular lesions such as cavernous hemangioma. For selected cases, we believe that endoscopic resection may have a therapeutic role, before contemplating surgery. Clinical surveillance after the procedure, as well as follow-up endoscopic surveillance, are essential to the safety and success of the procedure.
In the present case, the lesion did not have the typical angiomatous aspect, which may be explained by the presence of hyperplastic mucosal alterations with the presence of expanded vessels at the submucosa level. This case report highlights the importance of a careful endoscopic approach with adequate bleeding prophylaxis for the successful and safe removal of this lesion.

Notes

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

FUNDING

None.

Fig. 1.
Ileocolonoscopy revealed a wide base pediculated polyp (35 mm) occupying more than half of the lumen, covered by discrete vinous aspect mucosa.
ac-2020-00535-0076f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
An endoloop was placed and an endoscopy polypectomy with diathermic loop was performed. During the procedure, endoloop was cut with active hemorrhage, controlled after clip placement, and diluted adrenaline injection.
ac-2020-00535-0076f2.jpg
Fig. 3.
Polypoid lesion with hyperplastic changes and submucosal plane expanded by numerous thick-walled vessels (hematoxylin-eosin, × 20).
ac-2020-00535-0076f3.jpg
Fig. 4.
Elastic layer enhanced by orcein histochemical staining (× 100).
ac-2020-00535-0076f4.jpg

REFERENCES

1. Yoo S. GI-associated hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2011;24:193–200.
crossref pmid pmc
2. Ganesananthan S, Barlow J, Durai D, Hawthorne AB. Multiple venous malformations in the left colon and rectum: a long-standing case managed conservatively and an update of current literature. BMJ Case Rep 2019;12:e227700.
crossref pmid pmc
3. Leite S, Veloso R, Pinho R, Silva AP, Pinto J, Afonso M, et al. Cavernous hemangiomas limited to the sigmoid colon. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;72:1064–5.
crossref pmid
4. Chen K, Yan M, Liu F. Successful endoscopic submucosal dissection of a large cavernous hemangioma in the colon. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;72:1064–5.
crossref pmid
5. Ogasawara N, Suzuki M, Adachi K, Yamaguchi Y, Yamamoto S, Hijikata Y, et al. Endoscopic resection of a pedunculated cavernous hemangioma of the sigmoid colon: a case report. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2019;13:418–22.
crossref pmid pmc
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