Warning: fopen(/home/virtual/colon/journal/upload/ip_log/ip_log_2026-02.txt): failed to open stream: Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 95 Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 96 Prognostic Factors Affecting Disease-Free Survival and Overall Survival in T4 Colon Cancer
Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Ann Coloproctol : Annals of Coloproctology

OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search
Advanced Search
mobile menu button

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Ann Coloproctol > Volume 37(4); 2021 > Article
Original Article
 Prognostic Factors Affecting Disease-Free Survival and Overall Survival in T4 Colon Cancer
Taeyeong Eom, Yujin Lee, Jungbin Kim, Inseok Park, Geumhee Gwak, Hyunjin Cho, Keunho Yang, Kiwhan Kim, Byung-Noe Baeorcid
Annals of Coloproctology 2021;37(4):259-265.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2020.00759.0108
Published online: June 24, 2021

Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to: Byung-Noe Bae, M.D. Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, 1342 Dongil-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01757, Korea Tel: +82-2-950-1017, Fax: +82-2-933-9389 E-mail: bnbae@paik.ac.kr
• Received: August 31, 2020   • Revised: November 26, 2020   • Accepted: November 27, 2020

Copyright © 2021 The Korean Society of Coloproctology

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

prev
  • 8,185 Views
  • 111 Download
  • 20 Web of Science
  • 20 Crossref
  • 18 Scopus
Full Article

Download PDF Download PDF

This article has been corrected. See "Erratum to “Prognostic factors affecting disease-free survival and overall survival in T4 colon cancer”" in Volume 39 on page 444.
  • Purpose
    It is known that as the T stage of a carcinoma progresses, the prognosis becomes poorer. However, there are few studies about factors that affect the prognosis of T4 advanced colon cancer. This study aimed to identify the prognostic factors associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in T4 colon cancer.
  • Methods
    Patients diagnosed with stage T4 on histopathology after undergoing curative surgery for colon cancer between March 2009 and March 2018 were retrospectively analyzed for factors related to postoperative survival. Primary outcomes were DFS and OS.
  • Results
    Eighty-two patients were included in the study. DFS and OS of the pathologic (p) T4b group were not inferior to that of the pT4a group. Multivariate analysis showed that differentiation (hazard ratio [HR], 4.994; P = 0.005), and laparoscopic surgery (HR, 0.323; P = 0.008) were significant prognostic factors for DFS, while differentiation (HR, 7.904; P ≤ 0.001) and chemotherapy (HR, 0.344; P = 0.038) were significant prognostic factors for OS.
  • Conclusion
    Tumor differentiation, laparoscopic surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy were found to be significant prognostic factors in patients with T4 colon cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy and curative resections by laparoscopy might improve the prognosis in these patients.
  • Keywords: Colorectal neoplasms; Prognosis; Laparoscopy; Adjuvant chemotherapy
Colorectal cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide [1], and the third most common cancer in Korea. In Korea, 25,330 people were newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer in 2019. The number of people who died from colorectal cancer in 2019 accounted for 10.5% of all deaths from cancer [2].
According to the TNM classification of cancers in the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) cancer manual, the T4 stage of colorectal cancer indicates that the tumor has invaded the visceral peritoneum (T4a) or adjacent organs (T4b) [3]. In patients with colorectal cancer, the higher T stages are associated with poorer prognoses, such as increased rates of recurrence and decreased rates of survival [4-6]. A study found that the 5-year survival rate for node-negative colorectal cancer was 92.5% for stage I (T1N0M0 or T2N0M0), 83.6% for stage IIA (T3N0M0), 76.3% for stage IIB (T4aN0M0), and 58.8% for stage IIC (T4bN0M0) [4]. This decline in survival rates highlights the need to determine the prognostic factors affecting disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with T4 colorectal cancer. This study aimed to identify the prognostic factors associated with DFS and OS in patients with T4 colon cancer.
Patient selection
Between March 2009 and March 2018, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital admitted 161 patients who underwent radical surgery for primary colorectal cancer, adherent to the adjacent organs or structures. Data collected from the hospital database, medical records, and the National Cancer Center database were analyzed retrospectively. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital (No. 2020-08-004). The IRB waived the need for informed consent for this retrospective chart review.
The inclusion criterion for this study was a pathological confirmation of T4 colon cancer for which curative resection surgery was performed (the TNM staging was based on the 8th edition AJCC cancer staging manual). The exclusion criteria were patients with rectal cancer, inadequate electronic records, recurrent colorectal cancer, positive surgical margins, distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis, any other cancers, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, follow-up duration of 1 year or less after resection, and those with 30-day mortality after resection. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 82 patients with T4 colon cancer were included in the study.
Data collection and outcome measures
The data collected included the age, sex, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index, location of the tumor, pathologic and histological features, tumor size, TNM stage, levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), surgical technique, adjuvant chemotherapy regimens, recurrence, length of follow-up after resection, and mortality. Patients in whom the curative resection surgery was performed using the laparoscopic technique, were defined as the ‘laparoscopic’ group. Patients who were converted from the laparoscopic technique to the open technique were assigned to the ‘open’ group. ‘Right colon’ group was defined as cases in which the tumors were located from the cecum to the splenic flexure, and the ‘left colon’ group comprised patients in whom the tumors were located from the descending colon to the sigmoid colon. Patients who received more than 50% of the planned cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy were defined as the ‘chemotherapy’ group. Patients who received chemotherapy for 6 or more cycles per the modified FOLFOX (folinic acid, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin) regimen, or received 4 or more cycles of capecitabine only or Xelox (capecitabine and oxaliplatin) regimen were in the chemotherapy group. The outcome measures were DFS and OS.
Statistical analysis
The categorical variables are reported as counts (percentages), while age, tumor size, and CEA level are reported as means ± standard deviations. The statistical significance of any differences between the groups was evaluated using the chi-square test. Time‐to‐event analyses were performed for DFS and OS, and Kaplan-Meier estimates were plotted. Univariate Cox regression analyses were used to assess the variables that were the candidate predictors for DFS and OS. Factors with P < 0.1 on univariate analyses were entered into multivariate analyses using the Cox model. Hazard ratios (HRs) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The software used for the analysis was IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
The mean age of the study group was 67.8 ± 13.1 years. Forty-seven subjects (57.3%) were men. There were no statistical differences in age, Charlson comorbidity index, and nodal status between the T4a and T4b groups. The number of patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery was 52. Four patients who were taken up for laparoscopic surgery initially were converted to open surgery. After the curative-intent surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 68 patients (82.9%). Other patients’ characteristics according to the T stage are presented in Table 1.
Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that DFS and OS of the T4b group were not inferior to those of the T4a group (Fig. 1). Comparing patients in the T4a and T4b groups who received adjuvant chemotherapy, the results were similar (Fig. 2). Differentiation (HR, 0.499; P = 0.005) and surgical technique (HR, 0.323; P = 0.008) were independent prognostic factors for DFS in the univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis (Table 2).
The univariate Cox regression for OS was significant for the following variables: location of cancer, differentiation, surgical technique, and adjuvant chemotherapy. After the multivariate Cox analysis, differentiation (HR, 7.904; P< 0.001) and chemotherapy (HR, 0.344; P= 0.038) remained as significant prognostic factors (Table 3).
Before modification of the T4 stage in the AJCC 7th edition, the peritoneal invasion was considered to have a poor prognosis. However, later studies have also shown that peritoneal invasion had a 10% to 20% higher survival rate over that of adjacent organ invasion [7, 8]. These findings led to the modification of the T4 stage in the AJCC 7th edition. After this modification, further studies found that T4a colon cancer had a poorer prognosis compared to T4b colon cancer. Baguena et al. [9] found that the T4a stage had poorer oncologic outcomes compared to those of the T4b stage. This could be attributed to the resection of T4b tumors en bloc, without any cancer cells spreading into the peritoneal cavity, whereas with T4a tumors this might not be possible [9, 10]. Although the current study assumed that the different stages of T4 affect the long-term outcomes, no significant differences in DFS and OS with respect to this parameter were found.
Some studies have reported that patients with T4 colon cancer who underwent laparoscopic surgery had lesser blood loss compared to the amount of blood lost during open surgery of similar duration. In addition, the laparoscopic group had a faster postoperative recovery and the survival outcomes were equivalent to those of the open group [6, 11, 12]. In the current study, while the comparison of the open and the laparoscopic groups showed no statistically significant differences in age, tumor size, T4 stage, tumor location, and differentiation, those who underwent laparoscopic surgery showed a better prognosis for DFS. Some studies explain the benefit of laparoscopy as being a consequence of the surgical stress response, impaired immune responses, cytokine release, and intraoperative tumor manipulation associated with open surgery. Surgical response after colon surgery impairs immunity [13, 14], and the suppressed immune system after surgery can increase the spread of the tumor [15]. Whelan et al. [16] observed that postoperative cellular immune function is well preserved with a laparoscopic approach. It has also been reported that the non-touch technique results in a lower rate of detection of the tumor cells in the draining vein and portal venous system [17, 18]. Therefore, laparoscopic surgery has the advantages of controlling the spread of the tumor and promoting long-term survival [16-19]. For patients in the current study, the condition of the patients or the severity of the disease might have influenced the surgeon’s decision when selecting the surgical method. Thus, due to the retrospective design of the study, this selection bias might have led to a favorable prognosis for the laparoscopic group.
Klaver et al. [20] concluded while that laparoscopic surgery for T4a colon cancer might be safe, it is not appropriate for T4b colon cancer. They explained that it was difficult to perform microscopically margin-negative resections in patients with T4b colon cancer because the tumor has invaded the adjacent organs. However, research has shown that a multivisceral resection can be performed to achieve a clear resection margin. This can be beneficial for long-term survival in locally advanced primary colon cancer [21]. In this study, patients who underwent curative resection for both, T4a and T4b colon cancer, were included. This might be the reason for no statistically significant difference in the prognosis between T4a and T4b colon cancer. Therefore, the prognosis for T4b colon cancer might improve, if curative resections are performed in these patients.
While studies have shown that the location of the tumor affects the long-term outcome of cancer, there is no definitive conclusion about which location has a poor prognosis. Some studies have observed that the right-sided colon cancers have a poorer prognosis than those on the left side. They explained that this was due to genetic differences, more advanced staging, and fewer curative resections [22-24]. In contrast, a study by Warschkow et al. [25] found that the prognosis for localized right-sided colon cancer is better than that for left-sided colon cancer. In the current study, there were no significant differences between cancers in the right colon and left colon with respect to DFS and OS. Analysis of the prognosis, including margin-negative rectal cancer, showed that rectal cancer had a poorer prognosis compared to that of colon cancer. Li et al. [26] reported that the site of the tumor played an important role, for example, the rectum had a poorer prognosis than the colon. They also reported that colon cancer and rectal cancer are different diseases because of the embryological, morphological, and biological differences between the 2 sites. When comparing colon and rectal cancer, there are also differences such as concurrent chemoradiotherapy before surgery or radiotherapy after surgery. Considering these differences, our study excluded rectal cancer.
While the benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced colon cancer are well known, there are not many studies on the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy on the prognosis of T4 colon cancer. Macari et al. [5] analyzed the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on the survival of patients with T4 colon cancer; however, the results for both DFS and OS were not significant. In the current study, while there was no significant relationship between adjuvant chemotherapy and DFS, the multivariate analysis indicated that adjuvant chemotherapy had a significant benefit for OS. Furthermore, the group of patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (81.2% in the T4a group and 92.3% in the T4b group) showed no statistical differences between the OS.
The limitations of this study are that it was a single-center, retrospective study. In addition, the cases were not randomly selected and the distribution between T4a and T4b was unequal. The number of patients in the T4b group was small; hence, no statistically significant independent prognostic factors could be identified in the T4b group. Furthermore, the cause of mortality during the research period was unknown and the OS was not verified as cancer-specific survival. Despite these limitations, due to which the results cannot be generalized, the results of this study indicate the prognostic factors affecting DFS and OS in T4 colon cancer and add to the body of evidence in this area.
In conclusion, when en bloc resection was performed, the prognosis of T4b colon cancer was not inferior to that of T4a colon cancer. Differentiation, surgical technique, and adjuvant chemotherapy were found as prognostic factors in patients with T4 colon cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy along with curative resections by laparoscopy might improve the prognosis in these patients.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

CORRECTION

This article was corrected on October 31, 2023, to fix errors in Figs. 1 and 2.

Fig. 1.
Disease-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) curves comparing the groups with pathologic (p) T4a and pT4b colon cancer.
ac-2020-00759-0108f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Disease-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) curves comparing patients with pathologic (p) T4a and pT4b colon cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy. Using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, we compared the disease-free survival and overall survival between patients in the pT4a and pT4b groups.
ac-2020-00759-0108f2.jpg
Table 1.
Demographic features of T4 colon cancer
Variable Total Stage
 P-value
T4a T4b
No. of patients 82 69 13
Age (yr) 67.8 ± 13.1 68.0 ± 12.8 66.9 ± 14.8 0.778
Sex 0.008
 Male 47 (57.3) 44 (63.8) 3 (23.1)
 Female 35 (42.7) 25 (36.2) 10 (76.9)
Body mass index (kg/m2) 23.0 ± 3.2 23.1 ± 3.3 22.2 ± 2.6 0.329
CCI 0.492
 ≥4 35 (42.7) 30 (43.5) 5 (38.5)
 <4 47 (57.3) 39 (56.5) 8 (61.5)
Location of tumor 0.062
 Right 51 (62.2) 40 (58.0) 11 (84.6)
 Left 31 (37.8) 29 (42.0) 2 (15.4)
Differentiation 0.059
 Well 3 (3.7) 1 (1.4) 2 (15.4)
 Moderate 72 (87.8) 62 (89.9) 10 (76.9)
 Poorly 3 (3.7) 2 (2.9) 1 (7.7)
 Othersa 4 (4.9) 4 (5.8) 0 (0)
Tumor size (cm) 6.0 ± 1.9 6.0 ± 1.9 6.0 ± 2.1 0.974
N stage 0.193
 0 32 (39.0) 24 (34.8) 8 (61.5)
 1 30 (36.6) 27 (39.1) 3 (23.1)
 2 20 (24.4) 18 (26.1) 2 (15.4)
Invasion
 Lymphatic 72 (87.8) 59 (85.5) 13 (100) 0.159
 Vascular 41 (50.0) 35 (50.7) 6 (46.2) 0.500
 Perineural 24 (29.3) 19 (27.5) 5 (38.5) 0.314
CEA (ng/mL) 21.3 ± 58.8 11.7 ± 28.8 60.2 ± 117.5 0.003
Operative technique 0.044
 Open 30 (36.6) 22 (31.9) 8 (61.5)
 Laparoscopic 52 (63.4) 47 (68.1) 5 (38.5)
 Adjuvant chemotherapy 68 (82.9) 56 (81.2) 12 (92.3) 0.299
Recurrence 23 (28.0) 20 (29.0) 3 (23.1) 0.475
 Local 4 (4.9) 4 (5.8) 0 (0) 0.494
 Distant 21 (25.6) 18 (26.1) 3 (23.1) 0.562
 Expire 27 (32.9) 23 (33.3) 4 (30.8) 0.566

Values are presented as number only, mean±standard deviation, or number (%).

CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.

aMucinous carcinoma and signet ring cell.

Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for predictors of disease-free survival (DFS) in T4 colon cancer
Variable DFS
Univariate
 Multivariate
HR 95% CI P-value HR 95% CI P-value
Male sex 1.459 0.618–3.444 0.389
Age 0.995 0.966–1.025 0.737
Body mass index 1.012 0.890–1.150 0.861
CCI, < 4 0.642 0.278–1.482 0.299
Tumor location 0.897
 Right 1.000
 Left 1.057 0.460–2.429
Differentiation 0.006 0.005
 WD, MD 1.000 1.000
 PD, othersa 4.730 1.555–14.386 4.994 1.610–15.489
Size 0.929 0.747–1.156 0.510
T stage 0.058
 pT4a 1.000
 pT4b 0.383 0.142–1.034
Positive node 0.860 0.006–0.006 0.808
Invasion
 Lymphatic 1.793 0.703–4.577 0.222
 Vascular 3.752 0.503–27.969 0.197
 Perineural 1.578 0.686–3.630 0.283
CEA 0.992 0.971–1.014 0.491
Laparoscopic 0.332 0.144–0.762 0.009 0.323 0.140–0.747 0.008
Adjuvant chemotherapy 1.425 0.329–6.169 0.635

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; WD, well differentiated; MD, moderate differentiated; PD, poorly differentiated; p, pathologic; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.

aMucinous carcinoma and signet ring cell.

Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for predictors of overall survival (OS) in T4 colon cancer
Variable OS
Univariate
 Multivariate
HR 95% CI P-value HR 95% CI P-value
Male sex 1.175 0.544–2.538 0.682
Age 1.004 0.974–1.036 0.778
Body mass index 1.106 0.977–1.251 0.112
CCI, < 4 1.109 0.514–2.393 0.792
Tumor location 0.024 0.289
 Right 1.000 1.000
 Left 0.346 0.138–0.869 0.583 0.215–1.582
Differentiation < 0.001 < 0.001
 WD, MD 1.000 1.000
 PD, othersa 6.924 2.704–17.726 7.904 2.827–22.101
Size 0.859 0.703–1.048 0.134
T stage 0.883
 pT4a 1.000
 pT4b 0.923 0.319–2.675
Positive nodes 1.203 0.550–2.632 0.643
Invasion
 Lymphatic 1.248 0.374–4.156 0.719
 Vascular 0.787 0.367–1.688 0.539
 Perineural 1.566 0.714–3.436 0.263
CEA 0.999 0.984–1.013 0.841
Laparoscopic 0.421 0.197–0.900 0.026 0.550 0.253–1.196 0.132
Adjuvant chemotherapy 0.354 0.146–0.857 0.021 0.344 0.125–0.944 0.038

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; WD, well differentiated; MD, moderate differentiated; PD, poorly differentiated; p, pathologic; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.

aMucinous carcinoma and signet ring cell.

  • 1. Siegel R, Desantis C, Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:104–17.ArticlePubMed
  • 2. Jung KW, Won YJ, Kong HJ, Lee ES. Prediction of cancer incidence and mortality in Korea, 2019. Cancer Res Treat 2019;51:431–7.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 3. Weiser MR. AJCC 8th edition: colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2018;25:1454–5.ArticlePubMed
  • 4. Gao P, Song YX, Wang ZN, Xu YY, Tong LL, Sun JX, et al. Is the prediction of prognosis not improved by the seventh edition of the TNM classification for colorectal cancer? Analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database. BMC Cancer 2013;13:123. PubMedPMC
  • 5. Macari D, Kawak S, Raofi V, Wasvary H, Jaiyesimi I. Recurrence pattern and outcomes in T4 colon cancer: a single institution analysis. J Surg Oncol 2019;121:337–41.ArticlePubMed
  • 6. Park JS, Huh JW, Park YA, Cho YB, Yun SH, Kim HC, et al. Clinically suspected T4 colorectal cancer may be resected using a laparoscopic approach. BMC Cancer 2016;16:714. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 7. Gunderson LL, Jessup JM, Sargent DJ, Greene FL, Stewart AK. Revised TN categorization for colon cancer based on national survival outcomes data. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:264–71.ArticlePubMed
  • 8. Gunderson LL, Jessup JM, Sargent DJ, Greene FL, Stewart A. Revised tumor and node categorization for rectal cancer based on surveillance, epidemiology, and end results and rectal pooled analysis outcomes. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:256–63.ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Baguena G, Pellino G, Frasson M, Rosello S, Cervantes A, Garcia-Granero A, et al. Prognostic impact of pT stage and peritoneal invasion in locally advanced colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2019;62:684–93.ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Keshava A, Chapuis PH, Chan C, Lin BP, Bokey EL, Dent OF. The significance of involvement of a free serosal surface for recurrence and survival following resection of clinicopathological stage B and C rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2007;9:609–18.ArticlePubMed
  • 11. Zhang X, Wu Q, Gu C, Hu T, Bi L, Wang Z. Comparison of short and long-time outcomes between laparoscopic and conventional open multivisceral resection for primary T4b colorectal cancer. Asian J Surg 2019;42:401–8.ArticlePubMed
  • 12. Kim KY, Hwang DW, Park YK, Lee HS. A single surgeon’s experience with 54 consecutive cases of multivisceral resection for locally advanced primary colorectal cancer: can the laparoscopic approach be performed safely? Surg Endosc 2012;26:493–500.ArticlePubMed
  • 13. Lacy AM, Delgado S, Castells A, Prins HA, Arroyo V, Ibarzabal A, et al. The long-term results of a randomized clinical trial of laparoscopy-assisted versus open surgery for colon cancer. Ann Surg 2008;248:1–7.ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Lacy AM, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Delgado S, Castells A, Taura P, Pique JM, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted colectomy versus open colectomy for treatment of non-metastatic colon cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:2224–9.ArticlePubMed
  • 15. Allendorf JD, Bessler M, Horvath KD, Marvin MR, Laird DA, Whelan RL. Increased tumor establishment and growth after open vs laparoscopic surgery in mice may be related to differences in postoperative T-cell function. Surg Endosc 1999;13:233–5.ArticlePubMed
  • 16. Whelan RL, Franklin M, Holubar SD, Donahue J, Fowler R, Munger C, et al. Postoperative cell mediated immune response is better preserved after laparoscopic vs open colorectal resection in humans. Surg Endosc 2003;17:972–8.ArticlePubMed
  • 17. Sales JP, Wind P, Douard R, Cugnenc PH, Loric S. Blood dissemination of colonic epithelial cells during no-touch surgery for rectosigmoid cancer. Lancet 1999;354:392. ArticlePubMed
  • 18. Hayashi N, Egami H, Kai M, Kurusu Y, Takano S, Ogawa M. Notouch isolation technique reduces intraoperative shedding of tumor cells into the portal vein during resection of colorectal cancer. Surgery 1999;125:369–74.ArticlePubMed
  • 19. Bouvy ND, Marquet RL, Jeekel J, Bonjer HJ. Laparoscopic surgery is associated with less tumour growth stimulation than conventional surgery: an experimental study. Br J Surg 1997;84:358–61.ArticlePubMed
  • 20. Klaver CE, Kappen TM, Borstlap WA, Bemelman WA, Tanis PJ. Laparoscopic surgery for T4 colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2017;31:4902–12.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 21. Mohan HM, Evans MD, Larkin JO, Beynon J, Winter DC. Multivisceral resection in colorectal cancer: a systematic review. Ann Surg Oncol 2013;20:2929–36.ArticlePubMed
  • 22. Benedix F, Kube R, Meyer F, Schmidt U, Gastinger I, Lippert H, et al. Comparison of 17,641 patients with right- and left-sided colon cancer: differences in epidemiology, perioperative course, histology, and survival. Dis Colon Rectum 2010;53:57–64.ArticlePubMed
  • 23. Meguid RA, Slidell MB, Wolfgang CL, Chang DC, Ahuja N. Is there a difference in survival between right- versus left-sided colon cancers? Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:2388–94.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 24. Suttie SA, Shaikh I, Mullen R, Amin AI, Daniel T, Yalamarthi S. Outcome of right- and left-sided colonic and rectal cancer following surgical resection. Colorectal Dis 2011;13:884–9.ArticlePubMed
  • 25. Warschkow R, Sulz MC, Marti L, Tarantino I, Schmied BM, Cerny T, et al. Better survival in right-sided versus left-sided stage I - III colon cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2016;16:554. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 26. Li M, Li JY, Zhao AL, Gu J. Colorectal cancer or colon and rectal cancer? Clinicopathological comparison between colonic and rectal carcinomas. Oncology 2007;73:52–7.ArticlePubMedPDF

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Tailored-surgery for locally advanced colon cancer based on 3D mathematical reconstruction surgical planner: Observational comparative non-randomized study
      Sebastián Jerí-McFarlane, Álvaro García-Granero, Marco Antonio Martínez-Ortega, Isabel Amengual-Antich, Ángela Rodríguez Robayo, Margarita Gamundí-Cuesta, Francisco Xavier González-Argenté
      European Journal of Surgical Oncology.2025; 51(2): 109584.     CrossRef
    • Prognostic Factors of Postoperative Mortality in Patients with Complicated Right Colon Cancer
      Raul Mihailov, Corina Dima, Bianca Georgiana Constantin, Florentin Dimofte, Mihaela Craescu, Lavinia Moroianu, Laura Iuliana Candussi, Virginia Lutenco, Oana Mariana Mihailov, Valerii Lutenco
      Life.2025; 15(3): 350.     CrossRef
    • The impact of sarcopenic obesity on the prevalence and prognosis of non-metastatic colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
      Wanping Wang, Fang Fang, Tianxiu Wang, Xinyi Chen, Lu Zhao, Chunmei Wang, Yujia Tang, Qin Li, Dong Tang, Jingqiu Zhang
      Clinical Nutrition ESPEN.2025; 69: 492.     CrossRef
    • Oncologic outcomes of multivisceral resection for locally advanced colorectal cancer: a single-center retrospective cohort study
      Jaram Lee, Hyeung-min Park, Soo Young Lee, Chang Hyun Kim, Hyeong Rok Kim
      BMC Surgery.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus R0 resection for resectable colorectal cancer with peritoneal metastases and low peritoneal cancer index scores: a collaborative observational study from Korea and Japan
      Daichi Kitaguchi, Eun Jung Park, Seung Hyuk Baik, Shoma Sasaki, Yuichiro Tsukada, Masaaki Ito
      International Journal of Surgery.2024; 110(1): 45.     CrossRef
    • Cytotoxicity of Salvigenin from Asterohyptis stellulata in Combination with Clinical Drugs Against Colorectal Cancer
      Briand André Rojas-Castaño, Adriana C. Hernández-Rojas, Rogelio Pereda-Miranda, Mabel Fragoso-Serrano
      Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia.2024; 34(5): 1172.     CrossRef
    • Sorbate metal complexes as newer antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticancer compounds
      Amira I. Abousaty, Fifi M. Reda, Wessam A. Hassanin, Walaa M. Felifel, Walaa H. El-Shwiniy, Heba M. R. M. Selim, Mahmoud M. Bendary
      BMC Microbiology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The Association Between Surgical Site Infection and Prognosis of T4 Colorectal Cancer
      Takuya Koike, Masaya Mukai, Kyoko Kishima, Daiki Yokoyama, Sayuri Hasegawa, Lin Fung Chan, Hideki Izumi, Kazutake Okada, Tomoko Sugiyama, Takuma Tajiri
      Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Utilizing stimuli-responsive nanoparticles to deliver and enhance the anti-tumor effects of bilirubin
      Elaheh Mirhadi, Alexandra E. Butler, Prashant Kesharwani, Amirhossein Sahebkar
      Biotechnology Advances.2024; 77: 108469.     CrossRef
    • Can clinicopathologic high-risk features in T3N0 colon cancer be reliable prognostic factors?
      Hyun Gu Lee, Young IL Kim, In Ja Park, Seok-Byung Lim, Chang Sik Yu
      Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2023; 104(2): 109.     CrossRef
    • Clinical implication of tissue carcinoembryonic antigen expression in association with serum carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancer
      Abdulmohsin Fawzi Aldilaijan, Young Il Kim, Chan Wook Kim, Yong Sik Yoon, In Ja Park, Seok-Byung Lim, Jihun Kim, Jun-Soo Ro, Jin Cheon Kim
      Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Do Laparoscopic Approaches Ensure Oncological Safety and Prognosis for Serosa-Exposed Colon Cancer? A Comparative Study against the Open Approach
      Ji-Hyun Seo, In-Ja Park
      Cancers.2023; 15(21): 5211.     CrossRef
    • Erratum to “Prognostic factors affecting disease-free survival and overall survival in T4 colon cancer”

      Annals of Coloproctology.2023; 39(5): 444.     CrossRef
    • Inflammatory Response Markers as Predictors of Colorectal Cancer Prognosis
      Minsung Kim, Il Tae Son, Bo Young Oh
      The Ewha Medical Journal.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The Prognostic Reliability of Lymphovascular Invasion for Patients with T3N0 Colorectal Cancer in Adjuvant Chemotherapy Decision Making
      Hayoung Lee, Seung-Yeon Yoo, In Ja Park, Seung-Mo Hong, Seok-Byung Lim, Chang Sik Yu, Jin Cheon Kim
      Cancers.2022; 14(12): 2833.     CrossRef
    • Molecular analyses of peritoneal metastasis from colorectal cancer
      Chang Hyun Kim
      Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(9): 586.     CrossRef
    • Molecular Analyses in Peritoneal Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer: A Review-An English Version
      Chang Hyun Kim
      Journal of the Anus, Rectum and Colon.2022; 6(4): 197.     CrossRef
    • Impact on inadequate lymph node harvest on survival in T4N0 colorectal cancer: A would-be medical center experience in Taiwan
      Yi-Kai Kao, Hsin-Pao Chen, Kuang-Wen Liu, Ling-Chiao Song, Yi-Chieh Chen, Yu-Chun Lin, Chih-I Chen
      Medicine.2022; 101(52): e32497.     CrossRef
    • Prognostic risk factors for pT4 colon cancer: A retrospective cohort study
      Tsutomu Kumamoto, Shigeki Yamaguchi, Ryosuke Nakagawa, Yoji Nagashima, Fumi Maeda, Kimitaka Tani, Hiroka Kondo, Kurodo Koshino, Yuka Kaneko, Yoshiko Bamba, Shimpei Ogawa, Yuji Inoue, Michio Itabashi
      Oncology Letters.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Antiproliferative and palliative activity of flavonoids in colorectal cancer
      Javier Fernández, Blanca Silván, Rodrigo Entrialgo-Cadierno, Claudio J. Villar, Raffaele Capasso, José Antonio Uranga, Felipe Lombó, Raquel Abalo
      Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2021; 143: 112241.     CrossRef

    • Cite this Article
      Cite this Article
      export Copy Download
      Close
      Download Citation
      Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.
      Format:
      • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
      • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
      Include:
      • Citation for the content below
      Prognostic Factors Affecting Disease-Free Survival and Overall Survival in T4 Colon Cancer
      Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37(4):259-265.   Published online June 24, 2021
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2020.00759.0108
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    Figure
    • 0
    • 1
    Related articles
    Prognostic Factors Affecting Disease-Free Survival and Overall Survival in T4 Colon Cancer
    Image Image
    Fig. 1. Disease-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) curves comparing the groups with pathologic (p) T4a and pT4b colon cancer.
    Fig. 2. Disease-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) curves comparing patients with pathologic (p) T4a and pT4b colon cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy. Using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, we compared the disease-free survival and overall survival between patients in the pT4a and pT4b groups.

    Fig. 1.

    Fig. 2.

    Prognostic Factors Affecting Disease-Free Survival and Overall Survival in T4 Colon Cancer
    Variable Total Stage
    		 P-value
    T4a T4b
    No. of patients 82 69 13
    Age (yr) 67.8 ± 13.1 68.0 ± 12.8 66.9 ± 14.8 0.778
    Sex 0.008
     Male 47 (57.3) 44 (63.8) 3 (23.1)
     Female 35 (42.7) 25 (36.2) 10 (76.9)
    Body mass index (kg/m2) 23.0 ± 3.2 23.1 ± 3.3 22.2 ± 2.6 0.329
    CCI 0.492
     ≥4 35 (42.7) 30 (43.5) 5 (38.5)
     <4 47 (57.3) 39 (56.5) 8 (61.5)
    Location of tumor 0.062
     Right 51 (62.2) 40 (58.0) 11 (84.6)
     Left 31 (37.8) 29 (42.0) 2 (15.4)
    Differentiation 0.059
     Well 3 (3.7) 1 (1.4) 2 (15.4)
     Moderate 72 (87.8) 62 (89.9) 10 (76.9)
     Poorly 3 (3.7) 2 (2.9) 1 (7.7)
     Othersa 4 (4.9) 4 (5.8) 0 (0)
    Tumor size (cm) 6.0 ± 1.9 6.0 ± 1.9 6.0 ± 2.1 0.974
    N stage 0.193
     0 32 (39.0) 24 (34.8) 8 (61.5)
     1 30 (36.6) 27 (39.1) 3 (23.1)
     2 20 (24.4) 18 (26.1) 2 (15.4)
    Invasion
     Lymphatic 72 (87.8) 59 (85.5) 13 (100) 0.159
     Vascular 41 (50.0) 35 (50.7) 6 (46.2) 0.500
     Perineural 24 (29.3) 19 (27.5) 5 (38.5) 0.314
    CEA (ng/mL) 21.3 ± 58.8 11.7 ± 28.8 60.2 ± 117.5 0.003
    Operative technique 0.044
     Open 30 (36.6) 22 (31.9) 8 (61.5)
     Laparoscopic 52 (63.4) 47 (68.1) 5 (38.5)
     Adjuvant chemotherapy 68 (82.9) 56 (81.2) 12 (92.3) 0.299
    Recurrence 23 (28.0) 20 (29.0) 3 (23.1) 0.475
     Local 4 (4.9) 4 (5.8) 0 (0) 0.494
     Distant 21 (25.6) 18 (26.1) 3 (23.1) 0.562
     Expire 27 (32.9) 23 (33.3) 4 (30.8) 0.566
    Variable DFS
    Univariate
    		 Multivariate
    HR 95% CI P-value HR 95% CI P-value
    Male sex 1.459 0.618–3.444 0.389
    Age 0.995 0.966–1.025 0.737
    Body mass index 1.012 0.890–1.150 0.861
    CCI, < 4 0.642 0.278–1.482 0.299
    Tumor location 0.897
     Right 1.000
     Left 1.057 0.460–2.429
    Differentiation 0.006 0.005
     WD, MD 1.000 1.000
     PD, othersa 4.730 1.555–14.386 4.994 1.610–15.489
    Size 0.929 0.747–1.156 0.510
    T stage 0.058
     pT4a 1.000
     pT4b 0.383 0.142–1.034
    Positive node 0.860 0.006–0.006 0.808
    Invasion
     Lymphatic 1.793 0.703–4.577 0.222
     Vascular 3.752 0.503–27.969 0.197
     Perineural 1.578 0.686–3.630 0.283
    CEA 0.992 0.971–1.014 0.491
    Laparoscopic 0.332 0.144–0.762 0.009 0.323 0.140–0.747 0.008
    Adjuvant chemotherapy 1.425 0.329–6.169 0.635
    Variable OS
    Univariate
    		 Multivariate
    HR 95% CI P-value HR 95% CI P-value
    Male sex 1.175 0.544–2.538 0.682
    Age 1.004 0.974–1.036 0.778
    Body mass index 1.106 0.977–1.251 0.112
    CCI, < 4 1.109 0.514–2.393 0.792
    Tumor location 0.024 0.289
     Right 1.000 1.000
     Left 0.346 0.138–0.869 0.583 0.215–1.582
    Differentiation < 0.001 < 0.001
     WD, MD 1.000 1.000
     PD, othersa 6.924 2.704–17.726 7.904 2.827–22.101
    Size 0.859 0.703–1.048 0.134
    T stage 0.883
     pT4a 1.000
     pT4b 0.923 0.319–2.675
    Positive nodes 1.203 0.550–2.632 0.643
    Invasion
     Lymphatic 1.248 0.374–4.156 0.719
     Vascular 0.787 0.367–1.688 0.539
     Perineural 1.566 0.714–3.436 0.263
    CEA 0.999 0.984–1.013 0.841
    Laparoscopic 0.421 0.197–0.900 0.026 0.550 0.253–1.196 0.132
    Adjuvant chemotherapy 0.354 0.146–0.857 0.021 0.344 0.125–0.944 0.038
    Table 1. Demographic features of T4 colon cancer

    Values are presented as number only, mean±standard deviation, or number (%).

    CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.

    Mucinous carcinoma and signet ring cell.

    Table 2. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for predictors of disease-free survival (DFS) in T4 colon cancer

    HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; WD, well differentiated; MD, moderate differentiated; PD, poorly differentiated; p, pathologic; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.

    Mucinous carcinoma and signet ring cell.

    Table 3. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for predictors of overall survival (OS) in T4 colon cancer

    HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; WD, well differentiated; MD, moderate differentiated; PD, poorly differentiated; p, pathologic; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.

    Mucinous carcinoma and signet ring cell.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Ann Coloproctol : Annals of Coloproctology Twitter Facebook
    © Korean Society of Coloproctology.
    TOP