Yilseok Joo; Yujin Lee; Taeyoung Yoo; Jungbin Kim; Inseok Park; Geumhee Gwak; Hyunjin Cho; Keunho Yang; Kiwhan Kim; Byung-Noe Bae

doi:10.3393/ac.2019.11.14.1

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Original Article Prognostic Factors and Management for Left Colonic Perforation: Can Hartmann’s Procedure Be Preventable?: Yilseok Joo, Yujin Lee, Taeyoung Yoo, Jungbin Kim, Inseok Park, Geumhee Gwak, Hyunjin Cho, Keunho Yang, Kiwhan Kim, Byung-Noe Bae; Annals of Coloproctology 2020;36(3):178-185.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2019.11.14.1
Published online: June 30, 2020

Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to: Byung-Noe Bae, M.D. Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, 1342 Dongil-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01757, Korea Tel: +82-2-950-1017, E-mail: bnbae@paik.ac.kr

• Received: September 2, 2019 • Accepted: November 14, 2019

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
ARTICLE INFORMATION
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
To identify factors significantly associated with the mortality of patients with left colonic perforation, and to compare the outcome of Hartmann’s procedure (HP) and primary repair (PR) or primary anastomosis (PA) in patients with left colonic perforation without factors associated with mortality.
Methods
This retrospective study included patients who underwent surgery for left colonic perforation from January 2009 to February 2018. Preoperative factors related to postoperative mortality, including vital signs, laboratory findings, and intraoperative findings, were analyzed by type of operation. The chi-square, Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to analyze the data.
Results
Ninety-one patients were included (36 men, 55 women), and 15 (16.5%) died postoperatively. Prognostic factors were age, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, bleeding tendency, acute kidney injury, hemodynamic instability, and the existence of feculent ascites. Leukopenia and longer operative time were independent risk factors for mortality. Seventy-nine patients did not have leukopenia and 30 of these patients who underwent PR without diversion were excluded from the subanalysis. HP was performed in 30 patients, and PR with diversion and PA with or without diversion were performed in 19. Compared to the other operative methods, HP had no advantage in reducing hospital mortality (P=0.458) and morbidity.
Conclusion
Leukopenia could be an objective prognostic factor for left colonic perforation. Although HP is the gold standard for septic left colonic perforation, it did not improve the hospital mortality of the patients without leukopenia. For such patients, PR or PA may be suggested as an alternative option for left colonic perforation.
Keywords: Hartmann’s procedure; Colon perforation; Postoperative mortality

INTRODUCTION

Most patients with left colonic perforation are diagnosed with peritonitis, which may lead to a life-threatening condition requiring emergent surgical management. The emergent surgery in response to the life-threatening condition is in itself associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although there have been many advancements and innovations in the surgical technique and medicine, the mortality of patients with colonic perforation is still high [1, 2].

Hartmann’s procedure (HP) was first introduced by Henry Albert Hartmann in 1921 during the 30th meeting of the French Surgical Association [3]. This procedure consists of a sigmoid colectomy with end colostomy and distal stump. The development of HP decreased the mortality rate of patients. For several decades, HP has been the standard emergent surgical procedure for treating left colonic perforation [4].

However, HP is associated with low quality of life (QoL) because of the colostomy care required [5], and restoration of intestinal continuity after HP is associated with its own morbidity and mortality [3, 6]. The reversal rate of HP tends to be lower than 50% in most reported articles [3]. Recently, several studies have reported that primary repair (PR) or primary anastomosis (PA) can improve levels of morbidity and mortality compared with HP. However, other studies have reported that PR or PA had no beneficial effect on mortality and morbidity [7].

Considering the controversy of using HP in patients with left colonic perforation, we hypothesized that HP would exhibit a comparable outcome with PR or PA in a specific patient group with a low risk of mortality. If the group of patients that received no benefit from HP was known, this knowledge would lead to a decrease in the morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure. The primary goal of our study was to identify factors significantly associated with mortality in patients with left colonic perforation. The secondary goal was to compare the outcome of HP and PR or PA in left colonic perforation patients without factors associated with mortality.

METHODS

Study design and patients

The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital (approval number: 2019-04-008). This retrospective study included patients who underwent surgery for colonic perforation from January 2009 to February 2018 in Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital. Overall, 113 patients underwent a surgical procedure for the treatment of colonic perforation and 111 patients were selected owing to the fidelity of the data. Among these 111 patients, 91 had left colonic perforation and the remaining patients had right or transverse colonic perforation. The left colon was defined as the descending colon to the rectum. The IRB waived the need for informed consent in this retrospective chart review.

Data collection

All data were collected by reviewing the medical records of the patients. The data collected were patients’ demographics (age, sex, weight, body mass index, and history of abdominal operation), clinical history (cause of perforation and the time from symptom onset to surgery), initial vital signs, preoperative laboratory findings, operative findings (perforation site, type of operation, aspect of ascites, and operative time), length of hospital stay, and existence of surgical site infection and newly developed postoperative complications.

Each factor was classified. We defined advanced age as older than 70 years. Hypotension was defined as systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mmHg. Heart rates were grouped as more than 90 beats/min and other. Fever was defined as a body temperature more than 37.8°C (100°F), and patients were grouped as having a fever of more than 37.8°C and 37.8°C or less. Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 12.5 g/dL, as per the World Health Organization criteria for anemia [8]. Leukopenia was defined as a white blood cell count of less than 4,000/mcL, as per systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria [9]. Thrombocytopenia was defined as a platelet count lower than 100,000/μL, according to the criterion for moderate thrombocytopenia by Williamson et al. [10]. An activated partial thromboplastin time prolongation of more than 60 seconds was regarded as having a bleeding tendency. A preoperative serum creatinine level of more than 2.0 mg/dL without a past history of chronic kidney disease was regarded as acute kidney injury. Hyponatremia and hypokalemia were defined as a serum sodium level lower than 135 meq/L and serum potassium level lower than 3.5 meq/L, respectively. A partial pressure of carbon dioxide level lower than 32 mmHg was regarded as tachypnea, according to the SIRS criteria [9]. Causes of perforation were categorized as benign (diverticulitis, colitis, and ischemia), malignancy, iatrogenic, trauma, and other. Preoperative use of inotropes or vasopressors was considered to indicate patients with hemodynamic instability.

Subanalysis

To compare HP with other operative methods in a moderate risk group, we excluded patients who had leukopenia because leukopenia was the only independently relevant prognostic factor for mortality of left colonic perforation. We also excluded patients who underwent PR without diversion because they had mild disease. Thus, this subanalysis included a group of patients at moderate risk, who underwent an operation except for PR without diversion and did not have leukopenia preoperatively. Forty-nine patients were included in the subanalysis. The flow chart of patients is presented in Fig. 1.

Statistical analysis

The chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to analyze discrete variables. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to analyze continuous variables. Relationships with postoperative in-hospital mortality were analyzed based on each data and the type of operation, and factors with a P-value less than 0.05 in the univariate analysis were evaluated in a logistic regression model for multivariate analysis. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated with the chi-square test and logistic regression model. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 25.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). All reported P-values are 2-tailed, and P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Overall, 91 patients were included in this study. Patient characteristics are presented in Table 1. The mean age of patients was 69.2±12.8 years, and 36 patients were men. The most common cause of perforation was diverticulitis (30%). HP (41%) was the most frequently performed operation, and PR (35%) was the second most commonly conducted operation.

Fifteen patients died during hospitalization, and the rate of in-hospital mortality was 16%. Preoperative patient characteristics such as advanced age, existence of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, bleeding tendency, acute kidney injury, and hemodynamic instability were associated with in-hospital mortality (Table 2). Operative findings such as existence of feculent ascites and operative time were associated with in-hospital mortality. Comorbidity, cause of perforation, and type of operation were not statistically significant. HP was associated with a higher tendency of in-hospital mortality than other methods of operation, but this was not statistically significant. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the existence of preoperative leukopenia and longer operative times were the most relevant factors associated with in-hospital mortality (Table 2).

Subanalysis was performed between the group that underwent HP (n=30) and the group that underwent other operative methods such as PR with diversion (n=6), PA only (n=12), and PA with diversion (n=1) (Fig. 1). In this subanalysis, preoperative and intraoperative findings such as acute kidney injury and feculent ascites showed no difference between the 2 groups. This finding may indicate that there was no preoperative difference in the severity of the disease. There was a lower tendency of postoperative ileus and a higher tendency of surgical site infections in the HP group compared with the PR or PA group. Anastomotic leakages were not confirmed in the other operative method group. There was no statistical difference in mortality and morbidity between the 2 groups (Table 3).

DISCUSSION

There are several studies about the prognostic factors associated with mortality of colonic perforation. Each study showed that the mortality of patients was associated with factors including but not limited to serum albumin level, C-reactive protein level, acute renal failure, Mannheim Peritoneal Index, and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system score [2, 11-14]. Scoring systems such as POSSUM, P-POSSUM, CR-POSSUM, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain & Ireland mortality model were developed to assess the prognosis of colonic perforation. Despite the development of these scoring systems, the assessment and adjustment of an accurate scoring system for predicting the risk of postoperative mortality is still challenging [15-18]. In this study, the preoperative existence of leukopenia and longer operative time was significantly associated with mortality.

Moore et al. [19] reported inadequate paradoxical granulopoiesis suppression after torso trauma. Subsequently, several studies revealed that bone marrow suppression caused by sepsis induces neutropenia [20, 21]. Sepsis also causes T-cell immune paralysis, so the immunity of the patient continues to get worse [22]. Tanaka et al. [23] reported that mortality and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the leukopenia group were higher than those of the leukocytosis group. Therefore, leukopenia could be regarded as a potential prognostic factor associated with mortality in septic patients.

Longer operative time itself was not a risk factor for higher mortality, which could be the consequence of disease severity. In addition, operative time could be affected by the skills of each surgeon. Therefore, we did not regard longer operative time as an objective variable.

In this study, 14 patients with an iatrogenic cause received PR and another 2 patients received PA. HP was not performed in patients with iatrogenic conditions. In this group, 5 patients of 16 were operated 24 hours after the perforation. Four of them were treated with PR and one with PA. Iatrogenic causes did not show statistical significance in univariate analysis but showed a lower tendency for in-hospital mortality. Patients with iatrogenic conditions who underwent PR without diversion had less severe disease. PR was more often performed in patients with iatrogenic disease that caused perforation within a few hours, no hemodynamic instability, and no feculent ascites. We excluded patients who underwent PR only because of mild disease to eliminate bias in our subanalysis. There were 8 cases of mortality in the subanalysis and 2 of them were operated with procedures other than HP (PR with diversion and PA with diversion). These 2 patients expired because of worsening sepsis on the sixth and fifth postoperative days.

Despite advancements in the surgical technique, HP is still a frequently performed operation for the treatment of left colonic perforation [24]. Since the mid-2000s, there have been many discussions on the proper surgical management for colonic diverticular perforation, but there is still controversy [25]. In a systematic review and meta-analysis by Halim et al. [7], 22 of 25 articles reported that PA was associated with lower in-hospital mortality than HP, however, the other 3 articles did not report this finding. Statistically, PA had lower in-hospital mortality than HP. However, because PA has a longer operative time, HP seemed to be a safer option for high-risk comorbid patients. Our subanalysis showed no statistically significant difference between HP and PR with diversion or PA in mortality among patients without leukopenia. According to our results and considering the QoL of the patients, surgical methods other than HP could be a better option for patients without leukopenia.

The reversal of HP is associated with its own mortality and morbidity. Many patients who underwent HP could not undergo the reversal operation because of their general condition or existence of malignancy. Many studies have evaluated the postoperative outcomes of the reversal of HP. In a review by Horesh et al. [3], the reversal rate varied but tended to be less than 50%. Furthermore, some studies reported postoperative morbidity of more than 40% of the complication rate [26, 27]. Recently, there have been active discussions about the safety of laparoscopic HP and the laparoscopic reversal of HP, and most studies have shown no significant difference in mortality between the laparoscopic method and open method [4, 28, 29]. We also started to perform these surgical methods in recent years. We experienced the same result: no significant difference in mortality between laparoscopic surgery versus the open method. This change in the surgical technique could be another bias.

Our study has some limitations. First, it was a single-center study and the sample size was relatively small. The validity of the results could be affected. Second, our study had a retrospective design, so we could not obtain some information, such as the C-reactive protein level, procalcitonin level, and Acute Physiologic Assessment and Chronic Health Evaluation score. Finally, surgeries were performed by 10 different surgeons. However, there was no significant difference in postoperative outcomes by each surgeon.

In conclusion, the existence of leukopenia could be an objective prognostic factor for left colonic perforation. Considering the difficulties of HP reversal and the life quality of the patient, PR with diversion and PA with or without diversion may be suggested as an alternative option for left colonic perforation patients without leukopenia. A prospective controlled randomized study may be needed.

ARTICLE INFORMATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest to this article is reported.

Fig. 1.

Distribution of the patietns.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the 91 patients who underwent surgery for left colonic perforation

Characteristic	Value
Age (yr)	69.2 ± 12.8
Sex
Male	36 (40)
Female	55 (60)
Hospital stay
Fewer than 15 days	35 (38)
More than 15 days	56 (62)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.2 ± 3.1
History of abdominal operation
No	67 (74)
Yes	24 (26)
Cause of perforation
Benign cause	57 (63)
Cancer	9 (10)
Iatrogenic (CFS)	16 (18)
Trauma	4 (4)
Other	5 (5)
Type of surgery performed
PR	32 (35)
PR with diversion	8 (9)
HP	38 (42)
PA	12 (13)
PA with diversion	1 (1)

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

CFS, colonofiberscopy; PR, primary repair; HP, Hartmann’s procedure; PA, primary anastomosis.

Table 2.

Analysis of in-hospital mortality

Variable	Univariate analysis		P-value	Multivariate analysis		P-value
Variable	Survivors (n=76)	Nonsurvivors (n=15)	P-value	Odd ratio	95% CI	P-value
Age (yr)			0.025^*	3.39	0.40–29.27	0.268
≤ 70	40 (53)	3 (20)
> 70	36 (47)	12 (80)
Sex			0.388
Male	32 (42)	4 (27)
Female	44 (58)	11 (73)
Hypertension history			0.078
No	29 (38)	2 (13)
Yes	47 (62)	13(87)
Diabetes mellitus history			0.120
No	66 (87)	10 (67)
Yes	10 (13)	5 (33)
Cerebrovascular accident history			1.000
No	71 (93)	14(93)
Yes	5 (7)	1 (7)
Cardiovascular disease history			0.359
No	69 (91)	12 (80)
Yes	7 (9)	3 (20)
Chronic kidney disease history			0.164
No	70 (92)	12 (80)
Yes	6 (8)	3 (20)
Heart rate (beats/min)			0.404
≤ 90	45 (59)	7 (47)
> 90	31 (41)	8 (53)
Body temperature (°)			0.762
≤ 37.8	54 (71)	10 (67)
> 37.8	22 (29)	5 (33)
Anemia			0.096
No	39 (51)	4 (27)
Yes	37 (49)	11 (73)
Leukopenia			0.004^*	11.64	1.15–117.93	0.038^*
No	70 (92)	9 (60)
Yes	6 (8)	6 (40)
Thrombocytopenia			0.030^*	267.60	0.44–161,993.5	0.087
No	74 (97)	12 (80)
Yes	2 (3)	3 (20)
Bleeding tendency			0.027^*
No	74 (100)	13 (87)
Yes	0 (0)	2 (13)
Acute kidney injury			0.006^*	43.17	0.633–2,944.2	0.081
No	74 (97)	11 (73)
Yes	2 (3)	4 (27)
Hyponatremia			0.757
No	54 (71)	10 (67)
Yes	21 (29)	5 (33)
Hypokalemia			0.110
No	67 (89)	11 (73)
Yes	8 (11)	4 (27)
Tachypnea			0.149
pCO₂ ≥ 32	63 (84)	10 (67)
pCO₂ < 32	12 (16)	5 (33)
Cause of perforation			0.280
Benign cause	45 (59)	12 (80)
Cancer	7 (9)	2 (13)
Iatrogenic (CFS)	16 (21)	0 (0)
Trauma	4 (5)	0 (0)
Other	4 (5)	1 (7)
Time from symptom onset to surgery (hr)			0.275
< 24	43 (70)	5 (50)
≥ 24	18 (30)	5 (50)
Hemodynamic instability			0.002^*	1.73	0.11–27.19	0.696
No	68 (89)	8 (53)
Yes	8 (11)	7 (47)
Feculent exudate			0.004^*	70.73	0.74–6,753.04	0.067
No	37 (61)	2 (13)
Yes	23 (39)	11 (87)
Laparoscopic operation			0.456
Open method	61 (80)	14 (93)
Laparoscopy	15 (20)	1 (7)
Surgical site infection			1.000
No	48 (63)	9 (60)
Yes	28 (37)	6 (40)
Postoperative ileus			0.546
No	56 (74)	10 (67)
Yes	20 (26)	5 (33)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.19 ± 3.1	23.25 ± 3.6	0.865
White blood cell	11.89 ± 8.4	9.14 ± 8.6	0.063
Operative time (min)	173.46 ± 72.1	218.33 ± 69.8	0.026^*	1.03	1.00–1.06	0.041^*

Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise indicated.

CI, confidence interval; pCO₂, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; CFS, colonofiberscopy.

^*P<0.05, statistically significant.

Table 3.

Comparison of perioperative findings and postoperative outcomes of HP versus other operative method in patients with moderate risk group of mortality

Variable	Other operative method (n = 19)	Hartmann’s procedure (n = 30)	P-value
Age (yr)			0.768
≤ 70	9 (47)	12 (40)
> 70	10 (53)	18 (60)
Thrombocytopenia			0.515
No	19 (100)	28 (93)
Yes	0 (0)	2 (7)
Bleeding tendency			1.000
No	19 (100)	28 (97)
Yes	0 (0)	1 (3)
Acute kidney injury			1.000
No	18 (95)	29 (97)
Yes	1 (5)	1 (3)
Feculent ascites			0.744
No	9 (60)	12 (52)
Yes	6 (40)	11 (48)
Surgical site infection			0.081
No	14 (74)	14 (47)
Yes	5 (26)	16 (53)
Postoperative ileus			0.081
No	12 (63)	26 (87)
Yes	7 (37)	4 (13)
Mortality			0.458
Survived	17 (89)	24 (80)
Died	2 (11)	6 (20)
Hospital stay (day)			0.346
≥ 15	12 (63)	23 (77)
< 15	7 (37)	7 (23)
Cause of perforation			0.130
Benign cause	14 (74)	21 (70)
Cancer	1 (5)	7 (23)
Iatrogenic	2 (11)	0 (0)
Trauma	0 (0)	1 (3)
Others	2 (11)	1 (3)

Values are presented as a number (%) unless otherwise indicated.

HP, Hartmann’s procedure.

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