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Original Article
Comparative Study of Postoperative Complications in Patients With and Without an Obstruction Who Had Left-Sided Colorectal Cancer and Underwent a Single-Stage Operation After Mechanical Bowel Preparation
Sang Hun Jung, Jae Hwang Kim
Annals of Coloproctology 2014;30(6):251-258.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2014.30.6.251
Published online: December 31, 2014

Colorectal Division, Department of Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.

Correspondence to: Jae Hwang Kim, M.D. Department of Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-717, Korea. Tel: +82-53-620-3580, Fax: +82-53-624-1213, 98jshgs@hanmail.net
• Received: September 4, 2014   • Accepted: October 29, 2014

© 2014 The Korean Society of Coloproctology

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study is to compare postoperative complications for single-stage surgery after mechanical bowel preparation in patients who experienced obstruction and those who did not.
  • Methods
    From 2000 to 2011, 1,224 patients underwent a single-stage operation for left colorectal cancer after bowel preparation. Nonobstruction (NOB) and obstruction (OB) colorectal cancer patients were 1,053 (86.0%) and 171 (14.0%), respectively. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were compared between groups.
  • Results
    The OB group had poor preoperative conditions (age, white blood cell, hemoglobin, albumin level, and advanced tumor stage) compared with the NOB group (P < 0.05). Mean on-table lavage time for the OB group was 17.5 minutes (range, 14-60 minutes). Mean operation time for the OB group was statistically longer than that of the NOB group (OB: 210 minutes; range, 120-480 minutes vs. NOB: 180 minutes; range, 60-420 minutes; P < 0.001). Overall morbidity was similar between groups (NOB: 19.7% vs. OB: 23.4%, P = 0.259). Major morbidity was more common in the OB group than in the NOB group, but the difference was without significance (OB: 11.7% vs. NOB: 7.6%, P = 0.070). Postoperative death occurred in 16 patients (1.3%), and death in the OB group (n = 7) was significantly higher than it was in the NOB group (n = 9) (4.1% vs. 0.9%, P = 0.001). Twelve patients had surgical complications, which were the leading cause of postoperative death: postoperative bleeding in five patients and leakage in seven patients.
  • Conclusion
    Postoperative morbidity for a single-stage operation for obstructive left colorectal cancer is comparable to that for NOB, regardless of poor conditions of the patient.
Approximately 15%-25% of colorectal patients present with obstruction (OB) symptoms, and these usually require emergency surgery. Emergency surgery for acute colonic OB is associated with a significant risk of mortality and morbidity [1]. The reason may be related to the fact that most of these patients are older and have a comorbidity, a fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and an advanced-stage cancer [1]. As a result, the surgeon can select from a variety of surgical approaches, including a multistage operation, a Hartmann procedure, a single-stage operation, and a bridge to surgery using a metallic stent, that have been devised for the treatment of OB in patients with left-sided colorectal cancer [2].
Right-sided colonic OBs are usually treated by using a single-stage operation with primary anastomosis which has a complication rate than elective surgery; however, the optimal management of obstructive left colon cancer is still being debated. A multistage procedure has often been attempted because of the fear of anastomosis leakage and its related mortality [3]. However, this surgery has a high cumulative morbidity as a result of repeated major operations, and stoma-related morbidity is considerable [4]. Recently, a bridge to surgery using a metallic stent as a method to avoid emergency surgery or stoma formation has often been performed to treat patients with obstructed left colon cancer [5]. This procedure relieves the symptoms of OB symptom and improves the patient's condition, and compared with emergency surgery, an elective bridge to surgery for treating obstructive colon cancer reduces postoperative complications [5, 6]. However, a perforation by the stent may induce fatal complications, such as peritonitis or sepsis, which can lead to mortality [7].
The single-stage operation is the standard surgery for treating patients with colorectal cancer because it is usually not associated with high postoperative morbidity and mortality. The benefit of bowel preparation in elective colon surgery has been questioned; however, surgery on an obstructed colon required a decompressed colon for the surgery to be feasible and anastomosis to be safe. Some authors have reported that a single-stage operation with colonic lavage or manual decompression has acceptable morbidity and mortality rates with a low leakage rate [8, 9, 10, 11]; a colon cleaned by using intraoperative colonic irrigation may facilitate anastomosis healing, and in the event of leakage, patients with a clean colon appear to have fewer and less severe complication [12].
We consecutively performed single-stage surgery, which can be performed easily and safely by using a newly devised colonic irrigator, for the treatment of left-side colorectal-cancer patients presenting with OB after on-table lavage [13]. Reports on postoperative complications for patients with obstructive colorectal cancer treated with colonic lavage are few compared to those on nonobstruction (NOB) patients [8]. The purpose of this study is to identify postoperative complications in patients who underwent a single-stage operation after colonic lavage for treating obstructed left-sided colorectal cancer and to compare those complications with the ones observed in NOB patients.
Between January 2000 and July 2011, we performed a restorative single-stage operation and intraoperative colonic irrigation for patients with obstructive colorectal cancer. All cases of left-sided colorectal cancer (from the splenic flexure to the rectum) during the same period were reviewed retrospectively by using data prospectively collected from the Colorectal Surgery Department. Patients having peritonitis, preoperative radiotherapy, nonresection of the primary lesion, no restorative surgery after resection, and a total colectomy were excluded from this study [13]. A total of 1,224 left-sided colorectal-cancer patients who underwent a single-stage operation were enrolled in this study.
Left colon OB was defined as an abdominal distention having gas passage disturbance and colon dilatation on radiologic findings such as those from clinical examination, abdominal radiography, and abdominopelvic computed tomography. Bowel preparation for colonic lavage was performed all patients before bowel anastomosis. In general, NOB patients underwent as standard mechanical bowel preparation using Colonyte with a 4-L intake on the day before surgery; however, 48 patients underwent an intraoperative colonic irrigation in order to compare the efficacy of intraoperative lavage in patients without OB who underwent elective surgery to the efficacy of the standard preoperative mechanical bowel preparation. Bowel preparations of OB patients were performed using intraoperative colonic irrigation with a new intraoperative colonic irrigator (NICI, Dalim Co., Seoul, Korea) before the restorative procedure. Most patients with an OB, after adequate fluid resuscitation, underwent surgery within 24 hours of admission. In all patients, prophylactic antibiotics with second-generation cephalosporin were administered before the initial incision.
Surgery was performed using either a laparotomy or a laparoscopic approach. Most cases of laparoscopic surgery at our center occurred in 2005 or later years. The procedure for single-stage surgery for treating patients with left-sided colorectal cancer is as follows: Patients were placed in the lithotomy position under general anesthesia. Before mobilization of the colon, the inferior mesentery artery was divided and ligated at the level of the low or high tie, depending on the surgeon's preference, and the inferior mesentery vein was ligated separately. Then, the left colon and the rectum, with or without splenic flexure division, were mobilized as much as necessary to allow a tension-free anastomosis with sufficient blood supply to the proximal colon. Depending on the tumor's location, distal resection of the sigmoid colon or rectum was done using a stapler. The anvil head was inserted via a proximal colostomy. The majority of anastomoses for OB were fashioned side to end by using a circular stapler to reduce the effects of size disparity. For most NOB patients, the anastomoses were fashioned end to end by using a circular stapler. Closed suction drainage was placed on the left paracolic gutter and pelvis. Depending on the surgeon's decision, either a loop ileostomies (n = 68) or a T-loop colostomy (n = 1) was performed to protect the anastomosis after single-stage surgery; 15 of 68 loop ileostomy was an OB group.
The detailed procedure for intraoperative colonic irrigation using NICI is as follows [13]: A 10-cm-long segment is decompressed 5 to 10 cm above the lesion. Intestinal clamps are then used to perform double clamping. While the sidewall of the decompressed colon is pulled using Allys forceps, a purse-string clamp is applied. This places a purse-string suture around the hole made by resection of a small segment of the colon wall. The y-shaped NICI connection is inserted into this hole, the purse-string suture is tightened, and the fastening nut is turned for fixation so that the colon will not be disconnected. To reinforce this connecting fixation, the fastening tie is looped around the connection and fastened. Afterward, when the intestinal clamps are released, the accumulated colonic contents gush out into the NICI and come out through the drainage tube, to be collected in the collecting bag on the floor. The operator can use his hands to squeeze the proximal colon gently in the direction of drainage to help discharge fecal matter. Then, the irrigation catheter, which is connected to a large container that is less than 80 cm above the operating table, is inserted through the branch tube of the irrigator and made to reach the cecum. Saline is infused through the irrigation catheter, which dilutes the colon's contents to allow drainage. When the drained fluid is clear, the irrigation catheter is removed.
NOB and OB patients who underwent a single-stage operation after colonic lavage were compared in terms of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Clinicopathologic variables (sex, age, body mass index, TNM status), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, and laboratory data were evaluated preoperatively in all patients. Postoperative morbidity included surgical site infection (wound infection and abscess), anastomosis leakage, postoperative bleeding, small bowel OB, pseudomembranous colitis, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, acute lung injury, sepsis after surgery, cardiovascular events, and acute renal failure. Major morbidity was defined as cases requiring a radiologic, endoscopic, or surgical procedure for management of the complication and resulting in organ failure (myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular infarction or hemorrhage, renal failure requiring dialysis, respiratory failure requiring ventilator care) [14]. All postoperative morbidities occurring in the same patient were included. Postoperative mortality was defined as death occurring within the first 30 days of the postoperative course or during the same hospitalization after the surgical procedure.
Continuous data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and the range is given in parentheses. Continuous data were compared using Fisher exact test. Categorical data were compared using the chi-square test. Two-tailed P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The PASW Statistics ver. 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for management of patient data and for statistical calculations.
Patient characteristics
Patient characteristics are detailed in Table 1. A total of 1,224 patients underwent a single-stage operation for left-sided colorectal cancer with colonic lavage before restorative procedures: 171 (14.0%) in the OB group and 1,053 (86.0%) in the NOB group. Fifteen patients in the NOB group, who initially presented with an OB, were treated as bridge to surgery by using a self-expanding metallic stent. Forty-eight NOB patients were treated intraoperatively with colonic lavage, and the mean intraoperative irrigation time for the NOB group was 12.3 minutes (range: 5-20 minutes) compared with 17.5 minutes (range: 6-40 minutes) in the OB group (P = 0.001).
Age older than 70 years was significantly common in the OB group compared with the NOB group (P = 0.043). The male-to-female ratios for the two groups were similar. The ASA scores were comparable between the two groups, and 62 emergency operations (36.3%) were performed in the OB group. Preoperative laboratory data, including white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin, and albumin, were abnormal in the OB group compared with the NOB group (P < 0.001). The mean operation time was longer in the OB group than in the NOB group (180 minutes vs. 210 minutes, P < 0.001). Tumor pathologic features of the OB group were significantly more advanced than those of the NOB group (preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level TNM status). The postoperative mean hospital stay was 15.8 days (range, 6-136 days) in the OB group compared with 12.7 days (range, 4-93 days) in the NOB group (P < 0.001).
A standard segmental resection was performed in most patients (Table 2): 1,047 of 1,053 (99.4%) in the NOB group and 169 of 171 (98.8%) in the OB group (Table 2). Two patients in the OB group were initially treated using a standard resection; however, an extended colectomy was finally performed due to left colon necrosis after inferior mesentery artery (IMA) ligation. Three NOB patients were also treated using an extended colectomy due to synchronous proximal cancer. Sixty-nine patients received a protective stoma (Table 3). Common reasons for protective-stoma construction in OB patients were anastomosis safety in 5 patients, followed by 4 patients with a 3/4 ASA score. All protective stomas in OB patients were closed.
Postoperative complications
All postoperative complications observed in both groups are summarized in Table 4. Of 1,224 patients, 247 patients (20.2%) had postoperative complications, and no significant differences were observed between the groups (NOB, 19.7% vs. OB, 23.4%; P = 0.259). Small bowel OB was the most common complication, 72 patients (6.6%) in the NOB group and 12 patients (7.0%) in the OB group, and its rate of occurrence was similar between the two groups (P = 0.964). Clinical anastomotic leakage developed in 63 patients (5.1%), and the incidence of leakage was similar between the two groups: 54 patients (5.1%) in the NOB group and 9 patients (5.3%) in the OB group (P = 0.941). Three of the nine protective fecal-diversion patients in the OB group showed minor leakage symptoms, and the stomas of all nine patients were closed within six months postoperatively. The rate of wound infection in the OB group (3.5%) was comparable to that in the NOB group (2.1%) (P = 0.249). Intra-abdominal abscess developed in seven patients (0.6%), and its rates of occurrence were similar in both groups. However, wound evisceration occurred more frequently in the OB group (2.3%) than in the NOB group (0.8%), and this difference showed marginal significance (P = 0.052).
Major postoperative morbidity occurred in 100 patients (8.2%). Major morbidity in the OB group was more common than it was in the NOB group: however, the difference was not significant (OB, 11.7% vs. NOB, 7.6%; P = 0.070). The causes of major morbidity were as follows: 41 patients with anastomotic leakage, six patients, five patients, two patients, one patients with ileostomy prolapse, 1 patient with a cerebrovascular attack, and 1 patient with an acute lung injury.
Postoperative mortality
Deaths that occurred until postoperative day 30 are summarized in Table 5. Postoperative death occurred in 16 patients (1.3%), and death in the OB group (n = 7) was significantly higher than in the NOB group (n = 9) (4.1% vs. 0.9%, P = 0.001). Twelve patients had surgical complication as the leading cause of postoperative death: postoperative bleeding and subsequent renal failure in five patients and leakage in seven patients. Three patients had medical causes of death: myocardial infarction in two patients, and acute renal failure in one patient who had not undergone hemodialysis. One patient died due to cancer progression with multiple metastases. All patients who died due to anastomotic leakage did not have a protective stoma.
Although a number of studies on left colon emergencies have been published, reports on postoperative complications in obstructed-colon patients compared with non-obstructed-colon patients are extremely rare [8]. Primary resection with an anastomosis offers the advantage of a definite procedure without the need for further surgery. However, the limitations of this procedure are the technical challenge and the potential risk of a high postoperative complication rate, depending on the general preoperative conditions or fecal-loading status of the colon [15]. The present study revealed that postoperative morbidity for left-colon OB patients who underwent a single-stage operation after on-table lavage did not significantly differ from that for NOB patients, despite the poor preoperative condition of the patients [16]. However, postoperative death in OB patients was statistically higher than it was in NOB patients and was closely related to postoperative major surgical complications.
Most of colon-cancer OB patients have an adverse preoperative condition [17, 18]. The present study also revealed that the preoperative status in OB patients was worse than it was in NOB patients in terms of older age, abnormal WBC count, and lower serum albumin and hemoglobin levels. Some preoperative laboratory findings are partially corrected before emergency surgery for OB patients; however, not all these factors are closely associated with postoperative complications [17]. Colorectal cancer OB is frequent in elderly patients with a variety of medical diseases, so age is generally considered to be an important risk factor for postoperative morbidity and mortality [16]. The cardiopulmonary function is also aggravated by abdominal distention, which develops after a large bowel OB; however this may be relieved after surgery. In this study, the postoperative morbidity for OB patients was not significantly higher than that for NOB patients, regardless of the poor preoperative condition of the OB patients.
The dilemma of surgery for left-sided colon OB is surgical safety for the dilated colon and the fecal-loaded colon. A variety of procedures have been applied for left-sided colon OB; however, a single-stage operation has usually been performed for right-colon OB, with high postoperative morbidity. A multistaged operation for obstructive left-colon cancer involves repeated major surgery with significant cumulative morbidity and mortality, significant costs, and a significant stoma-related problem with 50% permanent status. Bridge to surgery using a stent, when it was successful, showed a reduction in postoperative morbidity and mortality [6]. However, the safety of the stent procedure has not yet been confirmed, with failure of a randomized trial [7, 18]. A single-stage operation for obstructive left-colon cancer has usually been reported as an on-table lavage or manual decompression, depending on the surgeon's preference and technical ease [11, 12]. Manual decompression of the fecal load has a shorter operation time than on-table lavage; however, incomplete bowel preparation load may induce anastomosis leakage, which is a fatal complication [9, 19, 20]. The purpose of irrigation is to achieve a colon free of feces, decreasing the rate of suture failure and its attendant complications [21]. Some concerns regarding on-table lavage include an extension of the operation time and the need for a surgeon experienced in the procedure [13, 22]. The time required for on-table lavage ranges from 20 to 60 minutes, but this procedure is really not long and risky compared with manual decompression or bridge to surgery using a stent [8]. In addition, on-table lavage may be fully acceptable if surgeons do not consider it a troublesome task [9, 16, 23]. In this study, 11 years of consecutive results for a colorectal fellowship-trained surgeon support the conclusion that a single-stage operation after on-table lavage by using a well-designed device, compared with NOB surgery, is an acceptable procedure that has a procedure time of approximately 25 minutes and avoids contamination [8].
In this study, approximately 23% of the OB patients who underwent a single-stage operation had postoperative complications, which was comparable to that of NOB patients. This result was consistent with other reports on a single-stage operation (23% to 25.3%) [9, 16]. Interestingly, contrary to other results, cardiopulmonary complications developed after OB surgery in a small number of patients [23, 24]. The most common complication was small bowel OB, followed by anastomosis leakage and wound infection [24]. These complications were similar tgo those for the NOB patients. The incidence of wound infection after a single-stage operation using NICI was 3.5%, which was lower than other reported values, which ranged from 5.4% to 11% [21, 24.25]. In addition, the rate of intraabdominal abscess was low, 1.2%, after surgery. We observed considerable major morbidity in OB patients, but this finding was without statistical significance when compared to the value for NOB patients. Anastomotic leakage and postoperative acute renal failure following postoperative bleeding were common causes of major morbidity and were closely related with postoperative mortality [26].
The clinical anastomotic leakage rate for a single-stage operation after on-table lavage was 5.3% in this series and was comparable with that of NOB patients [26]. Recent reports have suggested that mechanical bowel preparation is not necessary for elective colon cancer surgery [27]. Some authors have reported that manual decompression to reduce fecal material before anastomosis in an obstructed colon does not significantly increase anastomotic leakage [4, 11]. However, fecal loading and distended colon associated with OB may impair anastomosis collagen metabolism and healing, as shown in an experimental study [20, 28]. Most results for a single-stage operation after colonic lavage in an obstructed colon showed leakage rates ranging from 0 to 6% [10, 12, 13, 29]. Sepsis following leakage is a fatal complication after colorectal surgery, and having a colon with less fecal loading may, at least, decrease septic complication following leakage [26]. In the present study, depending on the surgeon's decision, a simultaneous fecal diversion with a loop ileostomy, including a one-transverse-loop colostomy, was performed in 8.8% of OB patients, and no septic symptoms occurred in patients having a protective stoma, with all stoma having been closed within six months postoperatively.
In the present study, the postoperative death rate in OB patients was 4.1%, which was not significantly different from the rate for NOB patients, and this value was slightly lower than the values published in other reports, which showed values of approximately 5% to 15% [9, 16, 30]. Postoperative death in our series was commonly related with major surgical complications, such as postoperative bleeding or anastomotic leakage, although others researchers have reported frequent cardiopulmonary complications as a cause of death [9, 16]. OB patients of older age and with comorbidity and poor preoperative condition might be highly vulnerable to a postoperative surgical complication, as in this result [17, 26]. Postoperative surgical complications such as bleeding may be prevented by using a secure procedure. In addition, patients with high risk for anastomotic leakage might be better managed with a protective fecal diversion, such as a loop ileostomy, which may decrease the need for additional surgery, as well as the leakage- related mortality [26].
This study included quite a large number of patients who underwent a single-stage operation with on-table lavage. Although the data were reviewed retrospectively, the results demonstrate that a single-stage operation with on-table lavage can safely be performed in the majority of patients with obstructed left-sided colorectal cancer, with the morbidity being similar to that for NOB patients.
This work was supported by the 2013 Yeungnam University Research Grant.

This was presented as a poster at ASCRS 2013, San Antonio, USA.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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Table 1
Clinicopathologic characteristics of obstruction (OB) and nonobstruction (NOB) left-sided colorectal cancer patients who underwent a single-stage operation
ac-30-251-i001.jpg

Values are presented as number (%) or median (range).

CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; LOHS, Length of postoperative hospital stay.

Table 2
Methods of single-stage surgery for 1,224 left-sided cololectal cancer patients
ac-30-251-i002.jpg

Values are presented as number (%).

NOB, nonobstruction; OB, obstruction.

aExtended transverse colon resection due to a synchronous lesion and bleft colon necrosis after inferior mesentery artery ligation.

Table 3
Details of 69 protective fecal diversion cases
ac-30-251-i003.jpg

NOB, nonobstruction; OB, obstruction; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.

aCause as permanent stoma: death (1), rectovaginal fistula (3), conversion to end colostomy due to colon necrosis (1).

Table 4
Postoperative complications for obstruction (OB) and nonobstruction (NOB) left-sided colorectal cancer patients who underwent a single-stage operation
ac-30-251-i004.jpg

Values are presented as number (%).

Table 5
Details of the 16 postoperative mortality cases
ac-30-251-i005.jpg

ASA, american society of anesthesiologists; LOHS, length of hospital stay; ARF, acute renal failure; Cons, conservative treatment; SBO, small bowel obstruction; Surg, surgical treatment; SB, small bowel obstruction.

Details of surgery: No. 4, adhesiolysis; 7, 8, 9, Hartmann operation; 11, reanastomosis; 15, adhesiolysis; 16, ileostomy.

Figure & Data

References

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    • Surgical Treatment of Obstructed Left-Sided Colorectal Cancer Patients
      Young Jin Kim
      Annals of Coloproctology.2014; 30(6): 245.     CrossRef

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      Comparative Study of Postoperative Complications in Patients With and Without an Obstruction Who Had Left-Sided Colorectal Cancer and Underwent a Single-Stage Operation After Mechanical Bowel Preparation
      Ann Coloproctol. 2014;30(6):251-258.   Published online December 31, 2014
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    Comparative Study of Postoperative Complications in Patients With and Without an Obstruction Who Had Left-Sided Colorectal Cancer and Underwent a Single-Stage Operation After Mechanical Bowel Preparation
    Comparative Study of Postoperative Complications in Patients With and Without an Obstruction Who Had Left-Sided Colorectal Cancer and Underwent a Single-Stage Operation After Mechanical Bowel Preparation

    Clinicopathologic characteristics of obstruction (OB) and nonobstruction (NOB) left-sided colorectal cancer patients who underwent a single-stage operation

    Values are presented as number (%) or median (range).

    CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; LOHS, Length of postoperative hospital stay.

    Methods of single-stage surgery for 1,224 left-sided cololectal cancer patients

    Values are presented as number (%).

    NOB, nonobstruction; OB, obstruction.

    aExtended transverse colon resection due to a synchronous lesion and bleft colon necrosis after inferior mesentery artery ligation.

    Details of 69 protective fecal diversion cases

    NOB, nonobstruction; OB, obstruction; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.

    aCause as permanent stoma: death (1), rectovaginal fistula (3), conversion to end colostomy due to colon necrosis (1).

    Postoperative complications for obstruction (OB) and nonobstruction (NOB) left-sided colorectal cancer patients who underwent a single-stage operation

    Values are presented as number (%).

    Details of the 16 postoperative mortality cases

    ASA, american society of anesthesiologists; LOHS, length of hospital stay; ARF, acute renal failure; Cons, conservative treatment; SBO, small bowel obstruction; Surg, surgical treatment; SB, small bowel obstruction.

    Details of surgery: No. 4, adhesiolysis; 7, 8, 9, Hartmann operation; 11, reanastomosis; 15, adhesiolysis; 16, ileostomy.

    Table 1 Clinicopathologic characteristics of obstruction (OB) and nonobstruction (NOB) left-sided colorectal cancer patients who underwent a single-stage operation

    Values are presented as number (%) or median (range).

    CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; LOHS, Length of postoperative hospital stay.

    Table 2 Methods of single-stage surgery for 1,224 left-sided cololectal cancer patients

    Values are presented as number (%).

    NOB, nonobstruction; OB, obstruction.

    aExtended transverse colon resection due to a synchronous lesion and bleft colon necrosis after inferior mesentery artery ligation.

    Table 3 Details of 69 protective fecal diversion cases

    NOB, nonobstruction; OB, obstruction; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.

    aCause as permanent stoma: death (1), rectovaginal fistula (3), conversion to end colostomy due to colon necrosis (1).

    Table 4 Postoperative complications for obstruction (OB) and nonobstruction (NOB) left-sided colorectal cancer patients who underwent a single-stage operation

    Values are presented as number (%).

    Table 5 Details of the 16 postoperative mortality cases

    ASA, american society of anesthesiologists; LOHS, length of hospital stay; ARF, acute renal failure; Cons, conservative treatment; SBO, small bowel obstruction; Surg, surgical treatment; SB, small bowel obstruction.

    Details of surgery: No. 4, adhesiolysis; 7, 8, 9, Hartmann operation; 11, reanastomosis; 15, adhesiolysis; 16, ileostomy.


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