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Original Articles
Special issue, Malignant disease, Rectal cancer,Colorectal cancer,Epidemiology & etiology
Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Caused Upshifting in Colorectal Cancer Stage?
Ji Ha Lim, Woo Yong Lee, Seong Hyeon Yun, Hee Cheol Kim, Yong Beom Cho, Jung Wook Huh, Yoon Ah Park, Jung Kyong Shin
Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37(4):253-258.   Published online August 9, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2021.00269.0038
  • 3,964 View
  • 90 Download
  • 19 Web of Science
  • 19 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected many parts of daily life and healthcare, including cancer screening and diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was an upshift in the colorectal cancer stage at diagnosis due to delays related to the COVID-19 outbreak.
Methods
From January to June of each year from 2017 to 2020, a total of 3,229 patients who were first diagnosed with colorectal cancer were retrospectively reviewed. Those enrolled from 2017 to 2019 were classified as the ‘pre-COVID’ group, and those enrolled in 2020 were classified as the ‘COVID’ group. The primary outcome was the rate of stage IV disease at the time of diagnosis.
Results
There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of stage IV patients between the pre-COVID and COVID groups (P=0.19). The median preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level in the COVID group was higher than in the pre-COVID group in all stages (all P<0.05). In stage I, II patients who underwent radical surgery, the lymphatic invasion was more presented in COVID patients (P=0.009).
Conclusion
We did not find significant stage upshifting in colorectal cancer during the COVID-19 outbreak. However, there were more initially unresectable stage IV colorectal cancer patients with a low conversion rate to resectable status, and more patients had factors related to poor prognosis. These results may become more apparent over time, so it is vital not to neglect cancer screening to not delay the diagnosis during the COVID-19 epidemic.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The impact of COVID-19 on patients diagnosed with melanoma, breast, and colorectal cancer
    Danielle Hanuschak, Mallori DePiero, Melissa DeMoraes, Shamoore Bailly, Muni Rubens, Paul Lindeman, Michael Zinner, Geoffrey Young
    The American Journal of Surgery.2024; 229: 36.     CrossRef
  • The global pandemic's second deadly hit: cancer care
    Emma Bradley, Magge Deepa
    The American Journal of Surgery.2024; 229: 34.     CrossRef
  • Trends in the Stage Distribution of Colorectal Cancer During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: A Nationwide Hospital-claims Data Analysis
    Masato Ota, Kohei Taniguchi, Mitsuhiro Asakuma, Sang-Woong Lee, Yuri Ito
    Journal of Epidemiology.2024; 34(7): 356.     CrossRef
  • Inadvertent laparoscopic lavage of perforated colon cancer: a systematic review
    Mahir Gachabayov, Agon Kajmolli, Luis Quintero, Daniel M. Felsenreich, Dorin E. Popa, Dejan Ignjatovic, Roberto Bergamaschi
    Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of the Sars-Cov-2 outbreak on the initial clinical presentation of new solid cancer diagnoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Simon Marty, Guillaume Lamé, Etienne Guével, Sonia Priou, Gilles Chatellier, Christophe Tournigand, Emmanuelle Kempf
    BMC Cancer.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Measuring the impact of COVID-19 on cancer survival using an interrupted time series analysis
    Pascal Lambert, Katie Galloway, Allison Feely, Oliver Bucher, Piotr Czaykowski, Pamela Hebbard, Julian O Kim, Marshall Pitz, Harminder Singh, Maclean Thiessen, Kathleen M Decker
    JNCI Cancer Spectrum.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Decreased Positive Fecal Occult Blood Tests and Delayed Medical Presentation for Colorectal Cancer during the Initial COVID-19 Pandemic Period: A Single-center Experience
    Tadataka Takagi, Fumikazu Koyama, Hiroyuki Kuge, Yosuke Iwasa, Takeshi Takei, Tomomi Sadamitsu, Kosuke Fujimoto, Suzuka Harada, Takashi Tamura, Goki Ejiri, Chihiro Yoshikawa, Masayuki Sho
    Journal of the Anus, Rectum and Colon.2024; 8(3): 188.     CrossRef
  • Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Multicenter Study in South Korea
    Jae Hyun Kang, Il Tae Son, Sang Nam Yoon, Jin Soo Ihm, Byung Mo Kang, Jong Kim
    Cancer Management and Research.2024; Volume 16: 1131.     CrossRef
  • The COVID-19 pandemic's impact on prostate cancer screening and diagnosis in Korea
    Byeong Jin Kang, Kyung Hwan Kim, Hong Koo Ha
    Kosin Medical Journal.2023; 38(3): 193.     CrossRef
  • Measuring the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on colorectal cancer presentation: a retrospective comparative study
    Kirsten Fullard, Daniel Steffens, Michael Solomon, Joo‐Shik Shin, Cherry Koh
    ANZ Journal of Surgery.2023; 93(12): 2951.     CrossRef
  • Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Treatment Patterns and Outcomes of Colorectal Cancer
    In Ja Park
    The Ewha Medical Journal.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Colorectal Surgery in the COVID-19 Era: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Nikolaos Pararas, Anastasia Pikouli, Dimitrios Papaconstantinou, Georgios Bagias, Constantinos Nastos, Andreas Pikoulis, Dionysios Dellaportas, Panagis Lykoudis, Emmanouil Pikoulis
    Cancers.2022; 14(5): 1229.     CrossRef
  • Short-Term Impact of Temporary Shutdown of a University-Affiliated Hospital on Patients With Colorectal Cancer During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
    Youn Young Park, Jaeim Lee, Kil-yong Lee, Seong Taek Oh
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Surgical safety in the COVID-19 era: present and future considerations
    Young Il Kim, In Ja Park
    Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2022; 102(6): 295.     CrossRef
  • The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the outcomes of surgically treated colorectal diseases: a retrospective cohort study
    Gülten Çiçek Okuyan, Melih Yıldırım
    Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2022; 103(2): 104.     CrossRef
  • Clinical presentation, management, screening and surveillance for colorectal cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic
    Sami Akbulut, Abdirahman Sakulen Hargura, Ibrahim Umar Garzali, Ali Aloun, Cemil Colak
    World Journal of Clinical Cases.2022; 10(26): 9228.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of colorectal cancer
    Kyung Uk Jung, Hyung Ook Kim, Hungdai Kim
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(9): 549.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer-An English Version
    Kyung Uk Jung, Hyung Ook Kim, Hungdai Kim
    Journal of the Anus, Rectum and Colon.2022; 6(4): 231.     CrossRef
  • No evidence of delay in colorectal cancer diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in Gwangju and Jeonnam, Korea
    Hye-Yeon Kim, Min-Gyeong Kim, Mi-Ran Kang, Jeong-Ho Yang, Min-Ho Shin, Sun-Seog Kweon
    Epidemiology and Health.2022; 44: e2022092.     CrossRef
Malignant disease,Prognosis and adjuvant therapy,Colorectal cancer,Biomarker & risk factor
Prognostic Factor and Survival Benefit of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Stage IIA Colon Cancer
Mok-Won Lee, Jin-Su Kim, Ji-Yeon Kim, Kyung-ha Lee
Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37(1):35-43.   Published online September 18, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2020.09.03
  • 3,319 View
  • 129 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
  • 8 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
There is no clear evidence of the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in stage IIA colon cancer. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic factors and survival benefit of AC in this disease.
Methods
A retrospective data collection for patients who underwent radical surgery for colon cancer between January 2008 and December 2015 was undertaken. The cohort was divided into the no-AC and AC groups.
Results
We included 227 patients with stage IIA colon cancer in our study cohort, including 67 and 160 patients in the no-AC and AC groups, respectively. The number of retrieved lymph nodes and the presence of tumor complications as obstruction or perforation were independent risk factors for survival. In the no-AC group, there was a significant difference in survival according to the number of retrieved lymph nodes. In the AC group, there were significant differences in survival according to sidedness and preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). There was no significant difference in survival between the no-AC and the AC groups.
Conclusion
The number of retrieved lymph nodes and the presence of tumor complications were prognostic factors for stage IIA colon cancer but lymphovascular and perineural invasion were not. Sidedness and preoperative CEA could be used as factors to predict the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy. Currently, it is believed that there is no benefit of AC for stage IIA colon cancer. Further studies are needed to determine the survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage IIA colon cancer.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Can clinicopathologic high-risk features in T3N0 colon cancer be reliable prognostic factors?
    Hyun Gu Lee, Young IL Kim, In Ja Park, Seok-Byung Lim, Chang Sik Yu
    Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2023; 104(2): 109.     CrossRef
  • Clinical Effectiveness of Fluorescence Lymph Node Mapping Using ICG for Laparoscopic Right Hemicolectomy: A Prospective Case–Control Study
    Gyung Mo Son, Mi Sook Yun, In Young Lee, Sun Bin Im, Kyung Hee Kim, Su Bum Park, Tae Un Kim, Dong-Hoon Shin, Armaan M. Nazir, Gi Won Ha
    Cancers.2023; 15(20): 4927.     CrossRef
  • Impact of Postoperative Naples Prognostic Score to Predict Survival in Patients with Stage II–III Colorectal Cancer
    Su Hyeong Park, Hye Seung Woo, In Kyung Hong, Eun Jung Park
    Cancers.2023; 15(20): 5098.     CrossRef
  • The Prognostic Reliability of Lymphovascular Invasion for Patients with T3N0 Colorectal Cancer in Adjuvant Chemotherapy Decision Making
    Hayoung Lee, Seung-Yeon Yoo, In Ja Park, Seung-Mo Hong, Seok-Byung Lim, Chang Sik Yu, Jin Cheon Kim
    Cancers.2022; 14(12): 2833.     CrossRef
  • Molecular Analyses in Peritoneal Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer: A Review-An English Version
    Chang Hyun Kim
    Journal of the Anus, Rectum and Colon.2022; 6(4): 197.     CrossRef
  • Adjuvant chemotherapy benefits on patients with elevated carcinoembryonic antigen in stage IIA colon cancer: a SEER-based analysis
    Huabin Zhou, Songsheng Wang, Zhai Cai, Enming Qiu, Qianyun Chen, Xi Rao, Shuai Han, Zhou Li
    International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2022; 37(12): 2481.     CrossRef
  • Molecular analyses of peritoneal metastasis from colorectal cancer
    Chang Hyun Kim
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(9): 586.     CrossRef
  • Direction of diagnosis and treatment improvement in colorectal cancer
    In Ja Park
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(9): 540.     CrossRef
Malignant disease,Prognosis and adjuvant therapy
Identification of Risk Factors Associated With Stage III Disease in Nonmetastatic Colon Cancer: Results From a Prospective National Cohort Study
Jakob Lykke, Ole Roikjaer, Per Jess, Jacob Rosenberg, On behalf of the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group
Ann Coloproctol. 2020;36(5):316-322.   Published online February 18, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2019.03.03
  • 3,124 View
  • 114 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to identify possible patient- and tumor-related factors associated with risk of TNM stage III disease in nonmetastatic colon cancer.
Methods
The associations between stage III disease and age, sex, lymph node yield, pathological tumor (pT) stage, tumor subsite, type of surgery, and priority of surgery were assessed in a nationwide cohort of 13,766 patients treated with curative resection of colon cancer. Each level of age, lymph node yield, and pT stage was compared to the preceding level.
Results
Age, lymph node yield, pT stage, tumor subsite, and priority of surgery were associated with stage III disease. Odds ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) were as follows: age < 65/65–75 years: 1.28 (95% CI, 1.15–1.43) and 65–75/ > 75 years: 1.22 (95% CI, 1.13–1.32); lymph node yield 0–5/6–11: 0.60 (95% CI, 0.50–0.72), lymph node yield 6–11/12–17: 0.84 (95% CI, 0.76–0.93), and lymph node yield 12–17/ ≥ 18: 0.97 (95% CI, 0.89–1.05); pT1/pT2: 0.74 (95% CI, 0.57–0.95), pT2/pT3: 0.35 (95% CI, 0.30–0.40), and pT3/pT4: 0.49 (95% CI, 0.47–0.54). Only tumors of the transverse colon were independently associated with lower risk of stage III disease than tumors in the sigmoid colon (sigmoid colon: 1, transverse colon: 0.84 [95% CI, 0.73–0.96]; elective surgery: 1, acute surgery: 1.43 [95% CI, 1.29–1.60]).
Conclusion
In this study, stage III disease in colon cancer was significantly associated with age, lymph node yield, pT stage, tumor subsite, and priority of surgery but was not associated with right-sided location compared with stage I and II cancers.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association of the pathomics-collagen signature with lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer: a retrospective multicenter study
    Wei Jiang, Huaiming Wang, Xiaoyu Dong, Yandong Zhao, Chenyan Long, Dexin Chen, Botao Yan, Jiaxin Cheng, Zexi Lin, Shuangmu Zhuo, Hui Wang, Jun Yan
    Journal of Translational Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Can clinicopathologic high-risk features in T3N0 colon cancer be reliable prognostic factors?
    Hyun Gu Lee, Young IL Kim, In Ja Park, Seok-Byung Lim, Chang Sik Yu
    Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2023; 104(2): 109.     CrossRef
  • Deep learning-based pathology signature could reveal lymph node status and act as a novel prognostic marker across multiple cancer types
    Siteng Chen, Jinxi Xiang, Xiyue Wang, Jun Zhang, Sen Yang, Wei Yang, Junhua Zheng, Xiao Han
    British Journal of Cancer.2023; 129(1): 46.     CrossRef
  • Clinical Effectiveness of Fluorescence Lymph Node Mapping Using ICG for Laparoscopic Right Hemicolectomy: A Prospective Case–Control Study
    Gyung Mo Son, Mi Sook Yun, In Young Lee, Sun Bin Im, Kyung Hee Kim, Su Bum Park, Tae Un Kim, Dong-Hoon Shin, Armaan M. Nazir, Gi Won Ha
    Cancers.2023; 15(20): 4927.     CrossRef
  • Deep learning can predict lymph node status directly from histology in colorectal cancer
    Lennard Kiehl, Sara Kuntz, Julia Höhn, Tanja Jutzi, Eva Krieghoff-Henning, Jakob N. Kather, Tim Holland-Letz, Annette Kopp-Schneider, Jenny Chang-Claude, Alexander Brobeil, Christof von Kalle, Stefan Fröhling, Elizabeth Alwers, Hermann Brenner, Michael Ho
    European Journal of Cancer.2021; 157: 464.     CrossRef
Perioperative Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen Ratio Is a Prognostic Indicator in Patients With Stage II Colorectal Cancer
Jinsun Woo, Jungbin Kim, Inseok Park, Hyunjin Cho, Geumhee Gwak, Keun Ho Yang, Byung-Noe Bae, Ki Hwan Kim
Ann Coloproctol. 2018;34(1):4-10.   Published online February 28, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2018.34.1.4
  • 4,973 View
  • 78 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 3 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the perioperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) ratio could be used as a determinant for adjuvant therapy after curative surgery in stage II colorectal cancer.

Methods

Data for 119 patients with stage II colorectal cancer who underwent radical surgery between 2010 and 2013 were collected. The perioperative CEA ratio was defined as the postoperative/preoperative serum CEA level, and the patients were grouped according to their perioperative CEA ratios: high ratio (≥0.5) and low ratio (<0.5). Overall survival rates were calculated, and their prognostic significances were analyzed.

Results

The overall survival rates of the high and the low perioperative CEA groups were 68.2% and 86.8%, respectively (P = 0.033). In patients with normal preoperative CEA levels (<5 ng/mL), the high perioperative CEA ratio group showed a worse survival rate than the low perioperative CEA ratio group (71.7% vs. 100.0%, P = 0.007). In patients with high preoperative CEA levels (≥5 ng/mL), the high perioperative CEA ratio group showed a worse survival rate than the low perioperative CEA ratio group (33.3% vs. 75.0%, P = 0.036). In the multivariate analysis, perioperative CEA ratio (P = 0.046), age (P = 0.034), and venous invasion (P = 0.015) were independent prognostic factors for survival.

Conclusion

The perioperative CEA ratio is a prognostic indicator for stage II colorectal cancer. Patients with normal preoperative serum CEA levels might also be considered for adjuvant therapy if their perioperative CEA ratios are higher than 0.5.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Tumor regression and immunity in combination therapy with anti-CEA chimeric antigen receptor T cells and anti-CEA-IL2 immunocytokine
    Seung E. Cha, Maciej Kujawski, Paul J. Yazaki, Christine Brown, John E. Shively
    OncoImmunology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Prognostic Impact of Pretreatment Elevated and Normalized Carcinoembryonic Antigen Levels After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Resected Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients
    Jianyuan Song, Zhuhong Chen, Daxin Huang, Benhua Xu
    Cancer Management and Research.2021; Volume 13: 3713.     CrossRef
  • Association between Primary Perioperative CEA Ratio, Tumor Site, and Overall Survival in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
    Thomas A. Odeny, Nicole Farha, Hannah Hildebrandand, Jessica Allen, Wilfred Vazquez, Maximillian Martinez, Ravi Kumar Paluri, Anup Kasi
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(12): 3848.     CrossRef
Does T3 Subdivision Correlate with Nodal or Distant Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer?
Hong Yeol Yoo, Rumi Shin, Heon-Kyun Ha, Heung-Kwon Oh, Seung-Yong Jeong, Kyu Joo Park, Gyeong Hoon Kang, Woo Ho Kim, Jae-Gahb Park
J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2012;28(3):160-164.   Published online June 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2012.28.3.160
  • 3,848 View
  • 32 Download
  • 10 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

We analyzed the clinical data of T3 colorectal cancer patients to assess whether T3 subdivision correlates with node (N) or metastasis (M) staging and stage-independent factors.

Methods

Five hundred fifty-five patients who underwent surgery for primary colorectal cancer from January 2003 to December 2009 were analyzed for T3 subdivision. T3 subdivision was determined by the depth of invasion beyond the outer border of the proper muscle (T3a, <1 mm; T3b, 1 to 5 mm; T3c, >5 to 15 mm; T3d, >15 mm). We investigated the correlation between T3 subdivision and N, M staging and stage-independent prognostic factors including angiolymphatic invasion (ALI), venous invasion (VI) and perineural invasion (PNI).

Results

The tumors of the 555 patients were subclassified as T3a in 86 patients (15.5%), T3b in 209 patients (37.7%), T3c in 210 patients (37.8%) and T3d in 50 patients (9.0%). The nodal metastasis rates were 39.5% for T3a, 56.5% for T3b, 75.7% for T3c and 74.0% for T3d. The distant metastasis rates were 7.0% for T3a 9.1% for T3b, 27.1% for T3c and 40.0% for T3d. Both N and M staging correlated with T3 subdivision (Spearman's rho = 0.288, 0.276, respectively; P < 0.001). Other stage-independent prognostic factors correlated well with T3 subdivision (Spearman's rho = 0.250, P < 0.001 for ALI; rho = 0.146, P < 0.001 for VI; rho = 0.271, P < 0.001 for PNI).

Conclusion

Subdivision of T3 colorectal cancer correlates with nodal and metastasis staging. Moreover, it correlates with other prognostic factors for colorectal cancer.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Facteurs pronostiques : degré d’invasion de la sous-séreuse, distance tumeur-séreuse et invasion de la limitante élastique de la sous-séreuse dans l’adénocarcinome colique
    Arnaud Ronfaut, Christophe Attencourt, Jean-Rene Tesson, Charles Sabbagh, Jean-Marc Regimbeau, Denis Chatelain
    Annales de Pathologie.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Do treated rectal tumors appear differently on MRI after chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy?
    Yu Shen, Yanqiong Wen, Liang Bi, Xuyang Yang, Xiaoling Gong, Xiangbing Deng, Wenjian Meng, Ziqiang Wang
    Abdominal Radiology.2023; 49(3): 774.     CrossRef
  • Pathology and Prognosis of Colonic Adenocarcinomas With Intermediate Primary Tumor Stage Between pT2 and pT3
    John D. Paulsen, Alexandros D. Polydorides
    Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.2022; 146(5): 591.     CrossRef
  • Prognostic significance of additional histologic features for subclassification of pathological T3 colon cancer
    Lorenzo Macchi, Quoc Riccardo Bao, Laura Albertoni, Matteo Fassan, Valentina Chiminazzo, Marco Scarpa, Gaya Spolverato, Salvatore Pucciarelli
    International Journal of Clinical Oncology.2022; 27(9): 1428.     CrossRef
  • The value of diffusion kurtosis imaging and intravoxel incoherent motion quantitative parameters in predicting synchronous distant metastasis of rectal cancer
    Xue Ding, Danqi Sun, Qiuchen Guo, Yeting Li, Hao Chen, Xiaoxiao Dai, Guohua Fan, Yongyou Wu, Guangqiang Chen, Yonggang Li
    BMC Cancer.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Vincenzo Valentini, Corrie Marijnen, Geerard Beets, Krzysztof Bujko, Berardino De Bari, Andres Cervantes, Giuditta Chiloiro, Claudio Coco, Maria Antonietta Gambacorta, Robert Glynne-Jones, Karin Haustermans, Elisa Meldolesi, Femke Peters, Claus Rödel, Har
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  • Whole-lesion Apparent Diffusion Coefficient First- and Second-Order Texture Features for the Characterization of Rectal Cancer Pathological Factors
    Weifeng Li, Zhuoran Jiang, Yue Guan, Ying Chen, Xiaolin Huang, Song Liu, Jian He, Zhengyang Zhou, Yun Ge
    Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography.2018; 42(4): 642.     CrossRef
  • A meta-analysis assessing the survival implications of subclassifying T3 rectal tumours
    M.R.S. Siddiqui, C. Simillis, J. Bhoday, N.J. Battersby, J. Mok, S. Rasheed, P. Tekkis, A.M. Abulafi, G. Brown
    European Journal of Cancer.2018; 104: 47.     CrossRef
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    Yoshito Akagi, Kazuo Shirouzu, Tetsushi Kinugasa
    Journal of Surgical Oncology.2013; 108(6): 358.     CrossRef
  • T3 Subdivision Correlation with Nodal or Distant Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer; Is It Practically Useful?
    Nam Kyu Kim
    Journal of the Korean Society of Coloproctology.2012; 28(3): 119.     CrossRef

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