Annals of Coloproctology

Original Articles

Colonoscopy

Endoscopic treatment of rectal neuroendocrine tumors: a consecutive analysis of multi-institutional data: Jae Won Shin, Eun-Jung Lee, Sung Sil Park, Kyung Su Han, Chang Gyun Kim, Hee Chul Chang, Won Youn Kim, Eui Chul Jeong, Dong Hyun Choi; Ann Coloproctol. 2025;41(3):221-231. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2024.00927.0132

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
The incidence of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is increasing owing to a rise in colonoscopy screening. For the endoscopic removal of NETs, complete resection including the submucosal layer is essential. Therefore, appropriate endoscopic resection techniques are of critical importance. This study aimed to analyze data on rectal NETs and help provide guidance for their endoscopic treatment.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from patients who underwent resection for rectal NETs at 6 institutions between 2010 and 2021.
Results
A total of 1,406 tumors were resected from 1,401 patients. During a mean follow-up period of 55.4 months, there were 8 cases (0.5%) of recurrence. Overall, a complete resection was achieved in 77.6% of the patients, with modified endoscopic mucosal resection (mEMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) showing the highest rate at 86.0% and 84.9%, respectively, followed by conventional EMR (cEMR; 68.7%) and snare polypectomy (59.0%). In the subgroup analysis, statistically significant differences were observed in complete resection rates based on tumor size. ESD and mEMR demonstrated significantly higher complete resection rates compared with cEMR. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that tumor location of the lower rectum and advanced techniques (mEMR and ESD) were significant prognostic factors for complete resection rates.
Conclusion
When encountering rectal subepithelial lesions on endoscopic examination, endoscopists should consider the possibility of NETs and carefully decide on the endoscopic treatment method. Therefore, it is advisable to perform mEMR or ESD to achieve complete resection, especially for rectal NETs measuring ≤10 mm.

Malignant disease,Prognosis

Recurrence after endoscopic resection of small rectal neuroendocrine tumors: a retrospective cohort study: Sukit Pattarajierapan, Supakij Khomvilai; Ann Coloproctol. 2022;38(3):216-222. Published online July 20, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2021.00017.0002

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
According to the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guidelines, rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) up to 10 mm in size and without poor prognostic factors could be safely removed with endoscopic resection, suggesting omitting surveillance colonoscopy after complete resection. However, the benefit of surveillance colonoscopy is still unknown. In this study, we aimed to report the outcomes after endoscopic resection of small rectal NETs using our surveillance protocol.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent endoscopic resection for rectal NETs sized up to 10 mm from January 2013 to December 2019 at our center. We excluded patients without surveillance colonoscopy and those lost to follow-up. We strictly performed surveillance colonoscopy 1 year after endoscopic resection, and every 2 to 3 years thereafter. The primary outcomes were tumor recurrence and occurrence of metachronous tumors during followup.
Results
Of the 54 patients who underwent endoscopic resection for rectal NETs during the study period, 46 were enrolled in this study. The complete resection rates by endoscopic mucosal resection, precutting endoscopic mucosal resection, and endoscopic submucosal dissection were 92.3% (12 of 13), 100% (21 of 21), and 100% (12 of 12), respectively. There was no local or distant recurrence during the median follow-up of 39 months. However, we found that 8.7% (4 of 46) of patients developed metachronous NETs. All metachronous lesions were treated with precutting endoscopic mucosal resection.
Conclusion
Surveillance colonoscopy is reasonable after endoscopic resection of small rectal NETs for timely detection and treatment of metachronous lesions. However, larger collaborative studies are needed to influence the guidelines.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Comparison of the efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection and transanal endoscopic microsurgery in the treatment of rectal neuroendocrine tumors ≤ 2 cm
Rui Jin, Xiaoyin Bai, Tianming Xu, Xi Wu, Qipu Wang, Jingnan Li
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status of the role of endoscopy in evaluation and management of gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Zaheer Nabi, Sundeep Lakhtakia, D. Nageshwar Reddy
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 42(2): 158. CrossRef

Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Colorectal Neoplasia: Early Outcomes After 260 Cases.: Lee, Eun Jung , Lee, Jae Bum , Lee, Suk Hee , Kim, Do Sun , Lee, Doo Han , Youk, Eui Gon; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2009;25(3):157-164.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2009.25.3.157

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1 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), a recently introduced endoscopic technique, makes it possible to perform an en-bloc resection of a lesion regardless of its size. The aim of this study was to report early experiences with colorectal ESD performed in our hospital.
METHODS
Between October 2006 and December 2008, we performed an ESD for 260 consecutive cases of colorectal neoplasia in 255 patients. We evaluated the clinical outcomes, except for two failure cases of bowel perforation.
RESULTS
The mean resected tumor size was 24.2+/-9.8 (5-60) mm. Our overall endoscopic en-bloc resection rate was 93.0% (240/258). and the pathologically margin free rate was 91.5% (236/258). Perforation occurred in 7.7% (20/260) of the cases. In 17 patients, perforation was managed by endoscopic clipping without salvage surgery; the other three patients underwent a laparoscopic operation. Pathological examination showed an adenocarcinoma in 35.4% of the cases (92/260). We recommended additional radical surgery in 13 cases (submucosal invasion less than 1 mm with unfavorable pathology: 1 case; unknown depth of submucosal invasion: 1 case; submucosal invasion > or =1 mm: 9 cases; invasion to proper muscle: 2 cases). We were able to check the recurrence rate through colonoscopy for 125 patients. During the mean follow-up period of 8.0+/-4.3 (3-21) mo, there were no recurrences.
CONCLUSION
ESD was technically difficult, had a substantial risk of perforation, and needed a long procedure time. However, ESD enabled en-bloc resection of large colorectal tumors. As experience with the technique increases, ESD might gradually replace piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and radical colon resection in the treatment of colorectal tumors.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Follow-up Results of Endoscopic Mucosal Resection for Early Colorectal Cancer
Hee Jung Lee, Hyun Yong Jeong, Nam Hwan Park, Sun Chang Hong, Gwan Woo Nam, Hee Seok Moon, Eaum Seok Lee, Seok Hyun Kim, Jae Kyu Sung, Byung Seok Lee
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2011; 57(4): 230. CrossRef

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