Annals of Coloproctology

Original Article

Malignant disease,Rectal cancer,Prognosis and adjuvant therapy,Colorectal cancer

Prognostic Impact of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Levels in Rectal Cancer Patients Who Had Received Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Jung Il Joo, Sang Woo Lim, Bo Young Oh; Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37(3):179-185. Published online May 11, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2020.11.27

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Purpose
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a useful marker for rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact of CEA level according to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) in rectal cancer patients who underwent radical surgery.
Methods
A total of 245 patients with rectal cancer who underwent radical surgery were retrospectively evaluated. Serum CEA level was measured preoperatively and postoperatively. We compared survival outcomes based on CEA level before and after surgery according to nCRT.
Results
Of the 245 patients, elevation of CEA level was observed preoperatively in 79 and postoperatively in 30, respectively. Eighty-seven (35.5%) patients received nCRT, and elevated CEA level was a significant prognostic factor both before and after surgery. In patients who had not received nCRT, an elevated CEA level was a significant prognostic factor before surgery but was not significant after surgery. In a multivariate analysis for prognostic factors, elevation of preoperative CEA level was an independent prognostic factor of disease-free survival (DFS) regardless of nCRT. Postoperative CEA level was an independent prognostic factor of DFS in patients who had received nCRT but was not a factor in patients who had not received nCRT.
Conclusion
Serum CEA level was an independent prognostic factor both preoperatively and postoperatively in rectal cancer patients who had received nCRT.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Review

A Review of the Role of Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Clinical Practice: Claire Hall, Louise Clarke, Atanu Pal, Pamela Buchwald, Tim Eglinton, Chris Wakeman, Frank Frizelle; Ann Coloproctol. 2019;35(6):294-305. Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2019.11.13

11,987 View
407 Download
106 Web of Science
100 Citations

Abstract PDF

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is not normally produced in significant quantities after birth but is elevated in colorectal cancer. The aim of this review was to define the current role of CEA and how best to investigate patients with elevated CEA levels. A systematic review of CEA was performed, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies were identified from PubMed, Cochrane library, and controlled trials registers. We identified 2,712 papers of which 34 were relevant. Analysis of these papers found higher preoperative CEA levels were associated with advanced or metastatic disease and thus poorer prognosis. Postoperatively, failure of CEA to return to normal was found to be indicative of residual or recurrent disease. However, measurement of CEA levels alone was not sufficient to improve survival rates. Two algorithms are proposed to guide investigation of patients with elevated CEA: one for patients with elevated CEA after CRC resection, and another for patients with de novo elevated CEA. CEA measurement has an important role in the investigation, management and follow-up of patients with colorectal cancer.

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Original Articles

Perioperative Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen Ratio Is a Prognostic Indicator in Patients With Stage II Colorectal Cancer: Jinsun Woo, Jungbin Kim, Inseok Park, Hyunjin Cho, Geumhee Gwak, Keun Ho Yang, Byung-Noe Bae, Ki Hwan Kim; Ann Coloproctol. 2018;34(1):4-10. Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2018.34.1.4

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Abstract PDF

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the perioperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) ratio could be used as a determinant for adjuvant therapy after curative surgery in stage II colorectal cancer.

Methods

Data for 119 patients with stage II colorectal cancer who underwent radical surgery between 2010 and 2013 were collected. The perioperative CEA ratio was defined as the postoperative/preoperative serum CEA level, and the patients were grouped according to their perioperative CEA ratios: high ratio (≥0.5) and low ratio (<0.5). Overall survival rates were calculated, and their prognostic significances were analyzed.

Results

The overall survival rates of the high and the low perioperative CEA groups were 68.2% and 86.8%, respectively (P = 0.033). In patients with normal preoperative CEA levels (<5 ng/mL), the high perioperative CEA ratio group showed a worse survival rate than the low perioperative CEA ratio group (71.7% vs. 100.0%, P = 0.007). In patients with high preoperative CEA levels (≥5 ng/mL), the high perioperative CEA ratio group showed a worse survival rate than the low perioperative CEA ratio group (33.3% vs. 75.0%, P = 0.036). In the multivariate analysis, perioperative CEA ratio (P = 0.046), age (P = 0.034), and venous invasion (P = 0.015) were independent prognostic factors for survival.

Conclusion

The perioperative CEA ratio is a prognostic indicator for stage II colorectal cancer. Patients with normal preoperative serum CEA levels might also be considered for adjuvant therapy if their perioperative CEA ratios are higher than 0.5.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Tumor regression and immunity in combination therapy with anti-CEA chimeric antigen receptor T cells and anti-CEA-IL2 immunocytokine
Seung E. Cha, Maciej Kujawski, Paul J. Yazaki, Christine Brown, John E. Shively
OncoImmunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognostic Impact of Pretreatment Elevated and Normalized Carcinoembryonic Antigen Levels After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Resected Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients
Jianyuan Song, Zhuhong Chen, Daxin Huang, Benhua Xu
Cancer Management and Research.2021; Volume 13: 3713. CrossRef
Association between Primary Perioperative CEA Ratio, Tumor Site, and Overall Survival in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Thomas A. Odeny, Nicole Farha, Hannah Hildebrandand, Jessica Allen, Wilfred Vazquez, Maximillian Martinez, Ravi Kumar Paluri, Anup Kasi
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(12): 3848. CrossRef

Role of β₁-Integrin in Colorectal Cancer: Case-Control Study: Bo-Young Oh, Kwang Ho Kim, Soon Sup Chung, Kyoung Sook Hong, Ryung-Ah Lee; Ann Coloproctol. 2014;30(2):61-70. Published online April 25, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2014.30.2.61

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Abstract PDF

Purpose

In the metastatic process, interactions between circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the extracellular matrix or surrounding cells are required. β₁-Integrin may mediate these interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether β₁-integrin is associated with the detection of CTCs in colorectal cancer.

Methods

We enrolled 30 patients with colorectal cancer (experimental group) and 30 patients with benign diseases (control group). Blood samples were obtained from each group, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA for CTCs marker and β₁-integrin mRNA levels were estimated by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the results were compared between the two groups. In the experimental group, preoperative results were compared with postoperative results for each marker. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between the expressions of β₁-integrin and CEA.

Results

CEA mRNA was detected more frequently in colorectal cancer patients than in control patients (P = 0.008). CEA mRNA was significantly reduced after surgery in the colorectal cancer patients (P = 0.032). β₁-Integrin mRNA was detected more in colorectal cancer patients than in the patients with benign diseases (P < 0.001). In colorectal cancer patients, expression of β₁-integrin mRNA was detected more for advanced-stage cancer than for early-stage cancer (P = 0.033) and was significantly decreased after surgery (P < 0.001). In addition, expression of β₁-integrin mRNA was significantly associated with that of CEA mRNA in colorectal cancer patients (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

In conclusion, β₁-integrin is a potential factor for forming a prognosis following surgical resection in colorectal cancer patients. β₁-Integrin may be a candidate for use as a marker for early detection of micrometastatic tumor cells and for monitoring the therapeutic response in colorectal cancer patients.

Citations

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A review on mechanobiology of cell adhesion networks in different stages of sporadic colorectal cancer to explain its tumorigenesis
Siti Hawa Ngalim, Norwahida Yusoff, Rayzel Renitha Johnson, Siti Razila Abdul Razak, Xinyue Chen, Jamie K. Hobbs, Yeong Yeh Lee
Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology.2022; 175: 63. CrossRef
The Expression Pattern of Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor F5 Is Related to Cell Adhesion and Metastatic Pathways in Colorectal Cancer—Comprehensive Study Based on In Silico Analysis
Huining Kang, Jakub Fichna, Ksenia Matlawska-Wasowska, Damian Jacenik
Cells.2022; 11(23): 3876. CrossRef
Functional Interplay Between Collagen Network and Cell Behavior Within Tumor Microenvironment in Colorectal Cancer
Cuong Cao Le, Amar Bennasroune, Benoit Langlois, Stéphanie Salesse, Camille Boulagnon-Rombi, Hamid Morjani, Stéphane Dedieu, Aline Appert-Collin
Frontiers in Oncology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
CRISPR/Cas9 in Cancer Immunotherapy: Animal Models and Human Clinical Trials
Khalil Khalaf, Krzysztof Janowicz, Marta Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska, Greg Hutchings, Claudia Dompe, Lisa Moncrieff, Maurycy Jankowski, Marta Machnik, Urszula Oleksiewicz, Ievgeniia Kocherova, Jim Petitte, Paul Mozdziak, Jamil A. Shibli, Dariusz Iżycki, Małgorz
Genes.2020; 11(8): 921. CrossRef
N-glycosylation-defective splice variants of neuropilin-1 promote metastasis by activating endosomal signals
Xiuping Huang, Qing Ye, Min Chen, Aimin Li, Wenting Mi, Yuxin Fang, Yekaterina Y. Zaytseva, Kathleen L. O’Connor, Craig W. Vander Kooi, Side Liu, Qing-Bai She
Nature Communications.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidermal growth factor-mediated Rab25 pathway regulates integrin β1 trafficking in colon cancer
Kyung Sook Hong, Eun-Young Jeon, Soon Sup Chung, Kwang Ho Kim, Ryung-Ah Lee
Cancer Cell International.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Animal models of colorectal cancer with liver metastasis
Bo Young Oh, Hye Kyung Hong, Woo Yong Lee, Yong Beom Cho
Cancer Letters.2017; 387: 114. CrossRef
A New Size-based Platform for Circulating Tumor Cell Detection in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Bo Young Oh, Jhingook Kim, Woo Yong Lee, Hee Cheol Kim
Clinical Colorectal Cancer.2017; 16(3): 214. CrossRef
Twist1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition according to microsatellite instability status in colon cancer cells
Bo Young Oh, So-Young Kim, Yeo Song Lee, Hye Kyung Hong, Tae Won Kim, Seok Hyung Kim, Woo Yong Lee, Yong Beom Cho
Oncotarget.2016; 7(35): 57066. CrossRef
Expression of L1 protein correlates with cluster of differentiation 24 and integrin β1 expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors
YUE DU, HAIHONG ZHANG, ZHONGMIN JIANG, GUOWEI HUANG, WENLI LU, HESHENG WANG
Oncology Letters.2015; 9(6): 2595. CrossRef
Correlation between tumor engraftment in patient-derived xenograft models and clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer patients
Bo Young Oh, Woo Yong Lee, Sungwon Jung, Hye Kyung Hong, Do-Hyun Nam, Yoon Ah Park, Jung Wook Huh, Seong Hyeon Yun, Hee Cheol Kim, Ho-Kyung Chun, Yong Beom Cho
Oncotarget.2015; 6(18): 16059. CrossRef
Invasion and Metastasis in the Viewpoint of Cell Adhesive Molecules
Jong-Woo Kim
Annals of Coloproctology.2014; 30(2): 57. CrossRef

Diagnostic Accuracy of Elevated Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen for Recurrence in Postoperative Stage II Colorectal Cancer Patients: Comparison With Stage III: Ho Seung Kim, Min Ro Lee; Ann Coloproctol. 2013;29(4):155-159. Published online August 29, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2013.29.4.155

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Abstract PDF

Purpose

Elevated levels of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) following a curative resection of colorectal cancer (CRC) indicate recurrence; however, the levels of CEA may be elevated above the normal limit without recurrence. The aim of this study is to analyze the diagnostic accuracy of elevated serum CEA for predicting recurrence in postoperative stage II and stage III CRC patients.

Methods

A total of 336 stage II and stage III CRC patients who underwent a curative resection between January 2005 and October 2009 were enrolled. Sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values (PPVs), negative predictive values (NPVs), likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities of recurrence associated with elevated CEA were analyzed and compared.

Results

The median follow-up duration was 45 months (36 to 134 months). Twenty-seven of 189 stage II patients (14.3%) and 52 of 147 stage III patients (35.4%) developed recurrence during the follow-up period. Sensitivities, specificities, PPVs, and NPVs of elevated CEA were 37.0%, 91.4%, 41.7%, and 89.7%, respectively, in stage II patients and 46.2%, 90.5%, 72.7%, and 75.4% in stage III patients. Post-test probabilities of recurrence associated with elevated CEA were 41.8% in stage II patients and 71.9% in stage III patients.

Conclusion

The predictive performance of the probability of recurrence associated with elevated serum CEA after a curative resection in stage II CRC patients is lower than that in stage III CRC patients.

Citations

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Significance of carcinoembryonic antigen detection in the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Rui Wang, Qin Wang, Pan Li
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2023; 15(12): 2907. CrossRef
Diagnostic accuracy of follow‐up tests for detecting colorectal cancer recurrences in primary care: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Geertje B. Liemburg, Daan Brandenbarg, Marjolein Y. Berger, Saskia F.A. Duijts, Gea A. Holtman, Geertruida H. Bock, Joke C. Korevaar, Annette J. Berendsen
European Journal of Cancer Care.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Validation of Assaying Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Human Serum by Using Immunomagnetic Reduction
Po-Li Wei, Long-Teng Lee, Li-Ming Tseng, Kai-Wen Huang
Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Gold nanoparticles in combination with megavoltage radiation energy increased radiosensitization and apoptosis in colon cancer HT-29 cells
Alihossein Saberi, Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei, Mahdi Abbasian, Mehrafarin Fesharaki, Azam Baharlouei, Zahra Arab-Bafrani
International Journal of Radiation Biology.2017; 93(3): 315. CrossRef
Time to lowest postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level is predictive on survival outcome in rectal cancer
Huichuan Yu, Yanxin Luo, Xiaolin Wang, Liangliang Bai, Pinzhu Huang, Lei Wang, Meijin Huang, Yanhong Deng, Jianping Wang
Scientific Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
The diagnostic accuracy of carcinoembryonic antigen to detect colorectal cancer recurrence – A systematic review
Caspar G. Sørensen, William K. Karlsson, Hans-Christian Pommergaard, Jakob Burcharth, Jacob Rosenberg
International Journal of Surgery.2016; 25: 134. CrossRef
Blood CEA levels for detecting recurrent colorectal cancer
Brian D Nicholson, Bethany Shinkins, Indika Pathiraja, Nia W Roberts, Tim J James, Susan Mallett, Rafael Perera, John N Primrose, David Mant
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Value of Dual Assessment of Carcinoembryonic Antigen and Fluorine-18-Fluoro-Deoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Colorectal Cancer Recurrence
Saeed Mohammed Bafaraj
European Journal of Basic Medical Sciences.2015; 5(2): 25. CrossRef
Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen for Recurrence in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Young Jin Kim
Annals of Coloproctology.2013; 29(4): 137. CrossRef

Prognostic Significance of the Decreased Rate of Perioperative Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen Level in the Patients With Colon Cancer After a Curative Resection: Tae Doo Jung, Jong Han Yoo, Min Jae Lee, Ha Kyung Park, Jae Ho Shin, Min Sung An, Tae Kwun Ha, Kwang Hee Kim, Ki Beom Bae, Tae Hyeon Kim, Chang Soo Choi, Min Kyung Oh, Kwan Hee Hong; Ann Coloproctol. 2013;29(3):115-122. Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2013.29.3.115

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3 Citations

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a clinical prognostic factor in the follow-up evaluation of patients with colon cancer. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the rate of decrease of the perioperative serum CEA level in patients with colon cancer after a curative resection.

Methods

A total of 605 patients who underwent a curative resection for colon cancer between January 2000 and December 2007 were enrolled retrospectively. The rate of decrease was calculated using the following equation: ([preoperative CEA - postoperative CEA]/[preoperative CEA] ×100).

Results

In the group with a preoperative serum CEA level of >5 ng/mL, the normalized group with a postoperative serum CEA level of ≤5 ng/mL showed a better overall survival (OS) rate and disease-free survival (DFS) rate than those of the non-normalized group (P ≤ 0.0001). The "cutoff values" of the rate of decrease in the perioperative serum CEA that determined the OS and the DFS were 48.9% and 50.8%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis of preoperative serum CEA levels >5 ng/mL, the prognostic factors for the OS and the DFS were the cutoff value (P < 0.0001) and the pN stage (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

A rate of decrease of more than 50% in the perioperative serum CEA level, as well as the normalization of the postoperative serum CEA level, may be useful factors for determining a prognosis for colon cancer patients with high preoperative CEA levels.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinoma to the mandible
Kushal CHATTERJEE, Aritra CHATTERJEE, Debarati BHOWMICK, Hrishikesh KUMAR, Arif HOSSAIN, Debabrata GAYEN
European Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Perioperative Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen Ratio Is a Prognostic Indicator in Patients With Stage II Colorectal Cancer
Jinsun Woo, Jungbin Kim, Inseok Park, Hyunjin Cho, Geumhee Gwak, Keun Ho Yang, Byung-Noe Bae, Ki Hwan Kim
Annals of Coloproctology.2018; 34(1): 4. CrossRef
Clinicopathologic features and oncologic outcomes of colorectal cancer patients with extremely high carcinoembryonic antigen
Soo Young Lee, Jeong Seon Jo, Hun Jin Kim, Chang Hyun Kim, Jae-Kyun Ju, Young Jin Kim, Hyeong Rok Kim
International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2015; 30(1): 63. CrossRef

Individualized Cutoff Value of the Preoperative Carcinoembryonic Antigen Level is Necessary for Optimal Use as a Prognostic Marker: Byeong Geon Jeon, Rumi Shin, Jung Kee Chung, In Mok Jung, Seung Chul Heo; Ann Coloproctol. 2013;29(3):106-114. Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2013.29.3.106

4,432 View
37 Download
18 Citations

Abstract PDF

Purpose

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is an important prognostic marker in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, in some stages, it does not work. We performed this study to find a way in which preoperative CEA could be used as a constant prognostic marker in harmony with the TNM staging system.

Methods

Preoperative CEA levels and recurrences in CRC were surveyed. The distribution of CEA levels and the recurrences in each TNM stage of CRC were analyzed. An optimal cutoff value for each TNM stage was calculated and tested for validity as a prognostic marker within the TNM staging system.

Results

The conventional cutoff value of CEA (5 ng/mL) was an independent prognostic factor on the whole. However, when evaluated in subgroups, it was not a prognostic factor in stage I or stage III of N2. A subgroup analysis according to TNM stage revealed different CEA distributions and recurrence rates corresponding to different CEA ranges. The mean CEA levels were higher in advanced stages. In addition, the recurrence rates of corresponding CEA ranges were higher in advanced stages. Optimal cutoff values from the receiver operating characteristic curves were 7.4, 5.5, and 4.5 ng/mL for TNM stage I, II, and III, respectively. Those for N0, N1, and N2 stages were 5.5, 4.8, and 3.5 ng/mL, respectively. The 5-year disease-free survivals were significantly different according to these cutoff values for each TNM and N stage. The multivariate analysis confirmed the new cutoff values to be more efficient in discriminating the prognosis in the subgroups of the TNM stages.

Conclusion

Individualized cutoff values of the preoperative CEA level are a more practical prognostic marker following and in harmony with the TNM staging system.

Citations

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Prognostic value of preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen and D-dimer concentrations in patients undergoing curative resection for colorectal cancer
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Surgery Today.2021; 51(7): 1108. CrossRef
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World Journal of Surgery.2021; 45(5): 1514. CrossRef
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Geertje B. Liemburg, Daan Brandenbarg, Marjolein Y. Berger, Saskia F.A. Duijts, Gea A. Holtman, Geertruida H. Bock, Joke C. Korevaar, Annette J. Berendsen
European Journal of Cancer Care.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Serum carcinoembryonic antigen pre‐operative level in colorectal cancer: revisiting risk stratification
Cristiana Iacuzzo, Paola Germani, Marina Troian, Tommaso Cipolat Mis, Fabiola Giudici, Edoardo Osenda, Marina Bortul, Nicolò de Manzini
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Ana Borda, Carlos Prieto, Javier Jiménez, Juan Vila, José Manuel Zozaya, Fernando Borda
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Clinical Significance of Serial Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen Values for Treating Rectal Cancer with Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy: Young Jae Ryu, Chang Hyun Kim, Hun Jin Kim, Hyo Kang, Sang Woo Lim, Jung Wook Huh, Jae Kyun Ju, Young Jin Kim, Hyeong Rok Kim; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2012;28(4):205-212. Published online August 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2012.28.4.205

3,245 View
43 Download
6 Citations

Abstract PDF

Purpose

Preoperative chemoradiotherapy is now widely accepted to treat rectal cancer; however, the prognosis for rectal cancer patients during and after chemoradiotherapy must be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serial serum carcinoembryonic antigen (s-CEA) samples in patients with rectal cancer who underwent radical surgery after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Methods

This study evaluated 236 patients with rectal cancer who received preoperative CRT followed by curative surgery between June 2005 and June 2010. We measured the patient's s-CEA levels pre-CRT, post-CRT and post-surgery. Patients were classified into four groups according to their s-CEA concentrations (group 1, high, high, high; group 2, high, high, normal; group 3, high, normal, normal; group 4, normal, normal, normal). We analyzed the clinicopathologic factors and the outcomes among these groups.

Results

Of the 236 patients, 12 were in group 1, 31 were in group 2, 67 were in group 3, and 126 were in group 4. The 3-year disease-free survival rate in group 1 was poorer than those in group 3 (P = 0.007) and group 4 (P < 0.001). In a univariate analysis, type of surgery, clinical N stage, pathologic T or N stage, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and CEA group were prognostic factors. A multivariate analysis revealed that type of surgery, pathologic T stage, and lymphovascular invasion were independent prognostic factors; however, no statistical significance was associated with the CEA group.

Conclusion

High pre-CRT, post-CRT, and post-surgery s-CEA levels in patients with rectal cancer were associated with high rates of systemic recurrence and poor survival. Therefore, patients with sustained high s-CEA levels during CRT require careful monitoring after surgery.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Accessing new prognostic significance of preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancer receiving tumor resection: More than positive and negative
Zerong Cai, Jian Xiao, Xiaosheng He, Jia Ke, Yifeng Zou, Yufeng Chen, Xianrui Wu, Xiaoling Li, Lei Wang, Jianping Wang, Ping Lan, Xiaojian Wu
Cancer Biomarkers.2017; 19(2): 161. CrossRef
Prognosis Can Be Predicted More Accurately Using Pre- and Postchemoradiotherapy Carcinoembryonic Antigen Levels Compared to Only Prechemoradiotherapy Carcinoembryonic Antigen Level in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients Who Received Neoadjuvant Chemor
SooYoon Sung, Seok Hyun Son, Chul Seung Kay, Yoon Suk Lee
Medicine.2016; 95(10): e2965. CrossRef
New clinical advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of solid tumours
Valentina A. Zavala, Alexis M. Kalergis
Immunology.2015; 145(2): 182. CrossRef
Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
Chiara Molinari, Federica Matteucci, Paola Caroli, Alessandro Passardi
Clinical Colorectal Cancer.2015; 14(4): 227. CrossRef
Prognostic factors associated with locally recurrent rectal cancer following primary surgery (Review)
YANTAO CAI, ZHENYANG LI, XIAODONG GU, YANTIAN FANG, JIANBIN XIANG, ZONGYOU CHEN
Oncology Letters.2014; 7(1): 10. CrossRef
Factors predicting long-term survival in colorectal cancer patients with a normal preoperative serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen
Jung Wook Huh, Chang Hyun Kim, Sang Woo Lim, Hyeong Rok Kim, Young Jin Kim
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2013; 139(9): 1449. CrossRef

Clinical Trial

Clinical Significance of Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Level at Diagnosis of Liver Metastases in Patients with Colorectal Cancer.: Nam, Jung Su , Shin, Jin Yong , Kim, Kyoung Ha , Park, Jeong Ik , Kim, Woon Won , Choi, Chang Soo , Choi, Young Gil , Hong, Kwan Hee; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2008;24(6):439-446.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2008.24.6.439

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
In numerous clinical trials to stratify prognosis of patients with liver metastases (LM) from colorectal cancer (CRC), the clinical value of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels at diagnosis of LM has not been fully investigated in these group. The aim of this study is to explore the relation of CEA to characteristics of LM and to analyze prognostic value of this widely used tool.
METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 143 LM patients who were performed surgical intervention or non-surgical intervention. The cohort was divided into two groups; normal CEA group (NCEAG, <5 ng/ml, n=41) and elevated CEA group (ECEAG, > or =5 ng/ml, n=102). We examined correlation between serum CEA at diagnosis of LM and other clinicopathologic factors and performed univariate and multivariate analyses to determine the clinical impact of this marker on survival.
RESULTS
Compared to ECEAG, the characteristics of LM of NCEAG was associated with unilobar distribution of LM (P=0.003), less metastases (P<0.001), less rate of synchronocity (P=0.008) and more surgical intervention of hepatic deposits (P<0.001). The 5-year survival rate for NCEAG was better than ECEAG (P=0.031). Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of lymphatic duct invasion, no performance of chemotherapy, bilobar distribution of LM, and treatment of non-surgical intervention had a significant effect on survival. CEA elevation was identified as independently associated with bilobar distribution and non-surgical intervention of LM.
CONCLUSIONS
Although CEA level is not a independent prognostic factor in this study, the clinical characteristics identified in this study and correlation to non surgical intervention of LM may help better patient selection in the management of CRC LM patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Seifollah Rezaei, Naser Masoudi, Mohammad Yasin Karami, Ehsan Sobhanian, Morteza Amestejani, Ali Jafari
Polish Journal of Surgery.2022; 95(1): 24. CrossRef
Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level as an independent prognostic factor in potentially curative colon cancer
Jung Wook Huh, Byung Ryul Oh, Hyeong Rok Kim, Young Jin Kim
Journal of Surgical Oncology.2010; 101(5): 396. CrossRef

Original Articles

Lung Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer.: Kim, Pyong Su , Moon, Sun Mi , Hwang, Dae Yong; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2006;22(6):380-386.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The lung is the second most common site of metastasis of colorectal cancer. Pulmonary resection of lung metastasis of colorectal cancer has been reported a 5-year survival rate of 9~57% variably. Therefore we have tried to assess the clinical patterns of lung metastasis from colorectal cancer and to evaluate prognostic factors.
METHODS
A retrospective study was performed on 76 patients who presented with colorectal cancer with pulmonary metastasis between Jan. 1993 and Dec. 2001. Follow up period was 2~92 months.
RESULTS
53 patients had developed pulmonary metastasis after curative resection of colorectal cancer, 27 patients of these cases showed isolated lung metastasis and 12 patients underwent pulmonary resection. The number of patients with single pulmonary nodule was 7 and they showed higher survival rate than those of multiple nodules (2-year survival rate: 80% vs. 33.3%, P=0.0325). The patients with normal serum CEA level showed higher survival rate than those with elevated serum CEA level (median survival-71 months vs. 32 months, P=0.0123) in 53 patients who had developed pulmonary metastasis after curative resection of primary tumor. The number of patients of TNM stage IV with synchronous lung metastasis was 23. And serum CEA level and the number of metastatic site had affected the survival in these cases.
CONCLUSIONS
The serum CEA level could be prognostic factors in pulmonary metastasis of colorectal cancer. And pulmonary resection for selected patients may improve the survival rate especially in the case which the number of metastatic nodule was only one.

nfluences of DNA Ploidy and Pre-operative CEA Level on the 5 Year Survival Rate in Colorectal Cancer.: Kang, Kyu Chul , Jung, Sung Teak , Yoon, Min Young , Choi, Sun Keun , Hur, Yoon Seok , Lee, Keon Young , Kim, Sei Joong , Cho, Young Up , Ahn, Seung Ik , Hong, Kee Chun , Shin, Seok Hwan , Kim, Kyoung Rae , Woo, Ze Hong; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2004;20(3):157-162.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The role of DNA ploidy in colon cancer as a prognostic factor and the correlation of DNA ploidy with the established prognostic factors have been studied for the past 20 years. The purpose of this study was to look into the correlation of DNA ploidy with the prognostic factors and to assess the influence of pre-operative CEA level and DNA ploidy on survival in colorectal cancer.
METHODS
A total of 319 patients with colorectal cancer received radical operations, and DNA flow cytometric analyses of DNA ploidy patterns were performed at the Department of Surgery, Inha University Hospital, from June 1996 to July 2002. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the DNA ploidy patterns.
RESULTS
The DNA ploidies of the colorectal tumors were compared to various prognostic factors, the pre-operative CEA level and lymph-node metastasis. The latter two showed correlations to the DNA ploidy. The 5-year survival rate for patients with a normal pre-operative CEA level and DNA diploidy was 85.6% compared to 47.8% for patients with both high pre-operative CEA level and DNA aneuploidy, a statistically significant correlation (P= 0.0003).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that DNA ploidy in patients with colon cancer has a significant correlation with pre-operative CEA level and lymph-node metastasis. Especially, the pre-operative CEA level and DNA ploidy in patients with colorectal cancer may play a role as useful prognostic factors.

CEA Study on the Effect of the No-touch Isolation Technique for Preventing Tumor Metastasis in Patients with Colorectal Cancer.: Bae, Ok Suk , Lee, Tae Soon , Park, Sung Dae , Park, Jong Wook , Chun, Dong Suk; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2004;20(2):105-111.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Although the 'No-touch' isolation technique was introduced by Turnbull et al. in 1967, the controversy over whether or not it reduces the risk of metastasis during surgery exists even today. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the 'No-touch' isolation technique in primary colorectal cancer surgery.
METHODS
The evaluation was done by comparing the levels of CEA and CEA m-RNA expression from the same draining vein before and after tumor mobilization. Blood samples from 25 patients with primary colorectal cancer were collected for analysis. At the time of surgery, the main draining vein from the tumor was isolated and ligated at the proximal end. The 1st blood samples were collected just prior to tumor mobilization, and the 2nd samples right after. Both samples were analyzed for serum CEA level and CEA mRNA expression by using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
RESULTS
The mean CEA value from draining veins after tumor mobilization (8.08+/-8.98 ng/ml) was significantly higher than it was before mobilization (4.17+/-4.98 ng/ml). CEA mRNA was detected in 16% (4/25) of the blood specimens post-mobilization, whereas it was detected in only 4% (1/25) of the pre-mobilization samples.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest the validity of using the 'No-touch' isolation technique to reduce the risk of metastasis into the draining vein during mobilization.

CEA Expressions in Colorectal Tumor.: Bae, Ok Suk , Lee, Tae Soon , Park, Sung Dae; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2004;20(1):39-45.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this research is to investigate the clinical usefulness of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expression in colorectal cancer tissue.
METHODS
We performed immunohistochemical staining of CEA on 64 surgically resected colorectal cancer tissues obtained during the period from May 2000 to May 2001. CEA expression was detected by immunohistochemistry using a CEA monoclonal antibody. The degrees of CEA expression in the tumor cell cytoplasm and the luminal secretion of the tumor gland were grouped into positive (strongly positive) and negative groups (weakly positive) by using the Sinicrobe method and were compared with clinicopathological variables.
RESULTS
The expression rates were positive in 38 cases (59.4%) and negative in 26 cases (40.6%). The preoperative CEA level showed a higher trend in the positive group (8.23+/-13.7) than it did in the negative group (17.89+/-38.7 ng/ml), but the difference was not statistically significant. The relationships between the CEA expressions of the two groups and the clinicopathologic factors were not statistically significant. We observed CEA expression in the luminal secretion of the tumor gland in 41 cases. The expression rates in the luminal secretion were positive in 21 cases (51.2%) and negative in 20 cases (48.8%). No significant clinical difference were noted between the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that CEA expression may not play a role as a prognostic factor for colorectal cancer.

Clinical Value of the Change in the Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Level after Curative Surgery in Colorectal Cancer.: Kim, Young Hoon , Bae, Byung Noe , Kim, Ki Hwan , Han, Se hwan , Kim, Hong Joo , Kim, Young Duck , Kim, Hong Yong; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2003;19(6):372-378.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the clinical value of changes in the serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level after curative surgery in colorectal cancer patients.
METHODS
The clinical value of preoperative serum CEA and dCEA (postoperative 7-day CEA/preoperative CEA) in 115 patients with colorectal cancer, who underwent curative surgery at our Department of General Surgery from 1994 to 1997, was investigated.
RESULTS
The preoperative CEA level was significantly associated with histologic differentiation (P=0.035) and reccurence (P=0.044), but not gender, tumor size, lymph node metastases, Duke's stage, and vascular invasion. dCEA was significantly associated with lymph-node metastases (P=0.017), histologic differentiation (P=0.024), Duke's stage (P=0.021), recurrence (P=0.008), and survival rate (P=0.0379). Especially, in the abnormal preoperative CEA level (>5 ng/mL) group, if dCEA was more than 0.5, these patients had a very poor prognosis (P=0.0003).
CONCLUSIONS
dCEA was associated with more clinicopathologic prognostic factors than preoperative CEA, especially with survival rate. Therefore, we expect dCEA to be a more useful tool for predicting patient outcome.

Pulmonary Metastases after Curative Resection in Patients with Colorectal Carcinomas.: Park, In Ja , Kim, Hee Cheol , Lee, Gang Hong , Yu, Chang Sik , Kim, Tae Won , Chang, Heung Moon , Kim, Dong Kwan , Park, Seung Il , Kim, Jin Cheon; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2003;19(5):307-313.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinomas have been reported to occur in 10% of all patients who undergo a curative resection. A number of studies have reported aggressive treatments, including lung resection, for pulmonary metastases that appear to prolong the survival in selected cases. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical characteristics, and the prognostic factors of pulmonary metastases, as well as the outcomes after resection of the pulmonary metastases.
METHODS
A retrospective study was performed on 104 patients who presented with primary pulmonary metastases without metastases in other organs after a curative resection for a colorectal carcinoma between January 1994 and December 2000 at Asan Medical Center. Pulmonary metastases were diagnosed by using serial changes in the chest X-ray and the CT. Univariate (log-rank) and multivariate (Cox's model) analyses were employed to identify the prognostic factors.
RESULTS
The mean interval between colorectal resection and pulmonary metastases (disease-free interval) was 22 (range: 4~64) months. Fifty-eight of 104 patients had pulmonary metastases originating from rectal cancer. More than half of the patients (55.7%) had bilateral multiple metastases. Fifty-six of 104 patients underwent chemotherapy, 28 conservative therapy, and 20 a pulmonary resection with the extent of the resection varying from a wedge resection of the metastatic nodule to a lobectomy. Prolonged survival was associated with serum CEA levels at the diagnosis of the metastases (P=0.02) and with the type of treatment (P<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
The s-CEA level at the diagnosis of the pulmonary metastases appears to be a reliable predictor of survival in patients with pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer. Resection of the pulmonary metastasis in colorectal cancer may significantly prolong survival. Thus, aggressive therapy, including surgery, should be considered for pulmonary metastatic tumors in selected groups.

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