Annals of Coloproctology

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Original Article

Colonoscopy

Endoscopists’ attitudes toward and experiences with artificial intelligence–assisted colonoscopy: a 3-year follow-up survey after the implementation of GI Genius: Ronja M. B. Lagström, SKH Endoscopy Centre, Artificial Intelligence in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Singapore (AIGES), Mustafa Bulut, Ismail Gögenur, Frederick H. Koh; Ann Coloproctol. 2026;42(4):436-445. Published online August 25, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2026.00178.0025

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Purpose
Artificial intelligence (AI) can improve colonoscopy quality by increasing adenoma detection rates. At Sengkang General Hospital (SKH), Singapore, AI-assisted colonoscopy was introduced in July 2021. An initial survey suggested that attitudes toward AI were shaped more by hands-on experience than by general knowledge of AI. This follow-up survey assessed how these attitudes evolved over time and compared responses from SKH with those from endoscopists at institutions without routine AI use.
Methods
An online survey was conducted 3 years after implementation of routine AI-assisted colonoscopy at SKH to evaluate endoscopists’ knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors regarding AI. Endoscopists from 7 tertiary institutions in Singapore were invited to participate. The 44-item questionnaire covered 4 thematic domains. Responses were compared with those from SKH’s initial survey and across institutions.
Results
A total of 57 endoscopists, including 46 consultants and 11 residents, completed the survey. Most respondents were familiar with AI, but only approximately half understood its underlying mechanisms. Most endoscopists supported early AI training, although agreement was significantly lower at SKH than at other hospitals (62.0% vs. 88.9%, P=0.02). Overall, 91.2% agreed that AI should be used as an adjunct to colonoscopy, and 80.7% agreed that AI can improve the quality of a performed colonoscopy. Enjoyment of AI-assisted colonoscopy was higher at SKH than at other hospitals (85.7% vs. 58.3%, P=0.04).
Conclusion
Endoscopists generally perceived AI as improving colonoscopy quality. Greater colonoscopy experience and more extensive exposure to AI-assisted colonoscopy appeared to be associated with more positive attitudes toward AI and greater acceptance of its potential benefits.

Review

Colorectal cancer

Safety and efficacy of chemoprevention for familial adenomatous polyposis: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Francisco Tustumi, Amanda Park, Eric Toshiyuki Nakamura, Thaís Cabral de Melo Viana, Elis Nogara Lisboa, Rodrigo Moisés de Almeida Leite, Sergio Eduardo Alonso Araujo, Pedro Luiz Serrano Usón Jr, Kaique Flávio Xavier Cardoso Filardi; Ann Coloproctol. 2026;42(1):34-46. Published online February 25, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2025.01018.0145

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Purpose
Familial adenomatous polyposis is a hereditary condition that predisposes individuals to colorectal cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmacological therapies for reducing polyp number, burden, and size in individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane. Randomized trials assessing the effects of pharmacological interventions on polyp number, polyp burden, and polyp size were included, and adverse events were also analyzed.
Results
Sixteen studies (n=985) met the inclusion criteria. The mean participant age was 38±8.3 years, with a mean follow-up of 14.6±15.8 months. Of these studies, 62.5% focused on colorectal polyps, 18.8% on rectal polyps, 18.8% on duodenal polyps, and 12.5% addressed both colorectal and duodenal polyps. Pharmacological interventions were associated with a modest but statistically significant reduction in the number of polyps (Hedges g, −0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.08 to −0.05) and in average polyp size (Hedges g, −0.26; 95% CI, −0.49 to −0.04). However, no significant reduction in overall polyp burden was observed (Hedges g, −1.07; 95% CI, −2.21 to 0.06). In subgroup analyses, nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitors produced a large reduction in polyp burden (Hedges g, −2.72; 95% CI, −3.28 to −2.16), while metformin also demonstrated benefit in a single study (Hedges g, −1.06; 95% CI, −1.86 to −0.27). Adverse events were generally infrequent and comparable to placebo. Conclusion: Chemopreventive interventions may reduce polyp number, burden, and size, and they appear to have a favorable safety profile.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Advances in chemoprevention of familial adenomatous polyposis
Ruicheng Li, Rong Cao, Jiaqi Kang, Yuwei Li, Xin Lin, Zhao Zhang
Frontiers in Oncology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Colonoscopy

Analysis of adenoma detection rate of colonoscopy among trainees: Young Min Song, Kyung Su Han, Byung Chang Kim, Chang Won Hong, Bun Kim, Min Chul Kim, Myeong Jae Jin, Dae Kyung Sohn; Ann Coloproctol. 2024;40(6):548-554. Published online August 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2023.00199.0028

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Purpose
To analyze adenoma detection rate (ADR) and related quality indicators of colonoscopy among trainees and make recommendations for appropriate colonoscopy training.
Methods
ADR and related indicators of colonoscopies performed by 3 trainees and 5 colonoscopy experts between March and November 2022 were analyzed. These indicators were analyzed in both the entire patients and the screening/surveillance group. In addition, the training period of the 3 trainees was divided into 3 sections, and the changes in these indicators were examined.
Results
The mean ADR of the 3 trainees was 50.6%. In the screening/surveillance group, the mean ADR of the 3 trainees was 51.8%, showing no significant difference from the experts' ADR (53.4%). When the training period was divided into 3 sections and analyzed in the screening/surveillance group, the mean ADR of the trainees gradually increased to 49.4%, 52.6%, and 53.6%, respectively; however, the difference was insignificant. Analyzing each trainee’s ADR, there was a significant difference among the 3 trainees (58.5% vs. 44.7% vs. 50.2%, P=0.008). However, in the third section of the training period, the 3 trainees’ ADRs were 53.0%, 49.2%, and 57.3%, respectively, showing no significant difference (P=0.606).
Conclusion
In the early stages of training, the ADR was higher than recommended; however, there were variances in ADR between individuals. As the training period passed, the ADR became similar at the expert level, whereas the difference in ADR between trainees decreased. Therefore, efforts to increase ADR should be made actively from the beginning of training and continued during the training period.

Citations

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Translational Validation of a Novel Multi-Locus ctDNA Methylation Assay for Early Detection and Stratification of Colorectal Cancer: An Exploratory Prospective, Case-Control Study
Hayoung Lee, Jae Cheol Kang, In Ja Park, Gwang-un Kim, Hwi Hyun, Na Young Min, Sungwon Jeon, Byoung-Chul Kim
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2026; 27(13): 5738. CrossRef
Adenoma per polypectomy as a training metric in colonoscopy: a retrospective analysis of trainee progression compared to expert performance
Young Min Song, Kyung Su Han, Byung Chang Kim, Chang Won Hong, Bun Kim, Dae Kyung Sohn
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2025; 109(2): 113. CrossRef

Reviews

AI colonoscopy

The imitation game: a review of the use of artificial intelligence in colonoscopy, and endoscopists’ perceptions thereof: Sarah Tham, Frederick H. Koh, Jasmine Ladlad, Koy-Min Chue, SKH Endoscopy Centre, Cui-Li Lin, Eng-Kiong Teo, Fung-Joon Foo; Ann Coloproctol. 2023;39(5):385-394. Published online March 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2022.00878.0125

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Abstract PDF

The development of deep learning systems in artificial intelligence (AI) has enabled advances in endoscopy, and AI-aided colonoscopy has recently been ushered into clinical practice as a clinical decision-support tool. This has enabled real-time AI-aided detection of polyps with a higher sensitivity than the average endoscopist, and evidence to support its use has been promising thus far. This review article provides a summary of currently published data relating to AI-aided colonoscopy, discusses current clinical applications, and introduces ongoing research directions. We also explore endoscopists’ perceptions and attitudes toward the use of this technology, and discuss factors influencing its uptake in clinical practice.

Citations

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Translational Validation of a Novel Multi-Locus ctDNA Methylation Assay for Early Detection and Stratification of Colorectal Cancer: An Exploratory Prospective, Case-Control Study
Hayoung Lee, Jae Cheol Kang, In Ja Park, Gwang-un Kim, Hwi Hyun, Na Young Min, Sungwon Jeon, Byoung-Chul Kim
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2026; 27(13): 5738. CrossRef
New Concept of Colonoscopy Assisted by a Microwave-Based Accessory Device: First Clinical Experience
Oswaldo Ortiz, Oriol Sendino, Silvia Rivadulla, Alejandra Garrido, Luz María Neira, Josep Sanahuja, Pilar Sesé, Marta Guardiola, Glòria Fernández-Esparrach
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Does AI have utility in medical student surgical education? A comparative analysis of chatbots in answering standardized surgical multiple-choice questions
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Global Surgical Education - Journal of the Association for Surgical Education.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Malignant disease,Colorectal cancer,Biomarker & risk factor

Genotypic and Phenotypic Characteristics of Hereditary Colorectal Cancer: Jin Cheon Kim, Walter F. Bodmer; Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37(6):368-381. Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2021.00878.0125

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23 Citations

Abstract PDF

The genomic causes and clinical manifestations of hereditary colorectal cancer (HCRC) might be stratified into 2 groups, namely, familial (FCRC) and a limited sense of HCRC, respectively. Otherwise, FCRC is canonically classified into 2 major categories; Lynch syndrome (LS) or associated spectra and inherited polyposis syndrome. By contrast, despite an increasing body of genotypic and phenotypic traits, some FCRC cannot be clearly differentiated as definitively single type, and the situation has become more complex as additional causative genes have been discovered. This review provides an overview of HCRC, including 6 LS or associated spectra and 8 inherited polyposis syndromes, according to molecular pathogenesis. Variants and newly-identified FCRC are particularly emphasized, including MUTYH (or MYH)-associated polyposis, Muir-Torre syndrome, constitutional mismatch repair deficiency, EPCAM-associated LS, polymerase proofreading-associated polyposis, RNF43- or NTHL1-associated serrated polyposis syndrome, PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, and hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome. We also comment on the clinical utility of multigene panel tests, focusing on comprehensive cancer panels that include HCRC. Finally, HCRC surveillance strategies are recommended, based on revised or notable concepts underpinned by competent validation and clinical implications, and favoring major guidelines. As hereditary syndromes are mainly attributable to genomic constitutions of distinctive ancestral groups, an integrative national HCRC registry and guideline is an urgent priority.

Citations

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Effect of Natural Products in the Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Enas Sabah Hassan, Darya Saeed Abdulateef, Firdaus Nuri Ahmed, Gasha Abdalla Mohammed, Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
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Molecular Basis of Adenomatous Gastrointestinal Polyposis Syndromes: Role of Pathogenic and Benign Variants in Disease Onset
Francesca Cammarota, Valeria D’Agostino, Chiara Capasso, Francesca Duraturo, Valentina D’Angelo, Giovanni Battista Rossi, Paola Izzo, Rosario Vicidomini, Mimmo Turano, Marina De Rosa
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Human Genomics.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Emerging non-invasive platforms for colorectal cancer diagnostics: AI powered, nano-enabled, eNose systems for VOCs detection
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De novo familial adenomatous polyposis with germline double heterozygosity of APC/BRCA2: a case report and literature review
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Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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An update of the variant spectrum of the APC gene in Iranian familial adenomatous polyposis patients
Seyed Mohsen Mirabdolhosseini, Leili Rejali, Mohammad Yaghoob Taleghani, Hossein Sadeghi, Seyed Mohammad Hossein Kashfi, Faeghe Behboudi Farahbakhsh, Mina Golmohammadi, Pegah Larki, Nayeralsadat Fatemi, Pardis Ketabi Moghadam, Ehsan Nazemalhosseini Mojara
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Performance reporting design in artificial intelligence studies using image-based TNM staging and prognostic parameters in rectal cancer: a systematic review
Minsung Kim, Taeyong Park, Bo Young Oh, Min Jeong Kim, Bum-Joo Cho, Il Tae Son
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Sebaceomas in a Muir–Torre-like Phenotype in a Patient with MUTYH-Associated Polyposis
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Dermatopathology.2024; 11(1): 124. CrossRef
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ID Sadien, RJ Davies, JMD Wheeler
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The Molecular Genetics of Colorectal Cancer, Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes, and Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer
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Reduced expression of alanyl aminopeptidase is a robust biomarker of non‐familial adenomatous polyposis and non‐hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome early‐onset colorectal cancer
Ye Jin Ha, Yun Jae Shin, Ka Hee Tak, Jong Lyul Park, Jeong Hwan Kim, Jong Lyul Lee, Yong Sik Yoon, Chan Wook Kim, Seon Young Kim, Jin Cheon Kim
Cancer Medicine.2023; 12(8): 10091. CrossRef
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Juyi Li, Chengzhi He, Jing Gong, Xiufang Wang, Chao Liu, Aiping Deng, Lin Zhu
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The Ewha Medical Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Alejandra Padua-Bracho, José A. Velázquez-Aragón, Verónica Fragoso-Ontiveros, Paulina María Nuñez-Martínez, María de la Luz Mejía Aguayo, Yuliana Sánchez-Contreras, Miguel Angel Ramirez-Otero, Marcela Angélica De la Fuente-Hernández, Silvia Vidal-Millán,
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Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(9): 586. CrossRef
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Case Report

Hidradenoma Papilliferum of the Anus: A Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature: Guh Jung Seo, Ju Heon Seo, Kyung Jin Cho, Hyung-Suk Cho; Ann Coloproctol. 2019;35(6):361-363. Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2018.08.03

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4 Web of Science
4 Citations

Abstract PDF

Hidradenoma papilliferum is a rare benign cystic tumor that originates from apocrine glands or anogenital mammary glands. Here, we describe 2 cases of hidradenoma papilliferum of the anus. Two female patients aged 39 and 35 presented with perianal masses with hemorrhoids. The patients underwent hemorrhoidectomy and excision of the lesion. Histopathology confirmed the masses as hidradenoma papilliferum. The postoperative course was uneventful for both patients, and there were no recurrences after 18 and 12 months of follow-up, respectively. Proctologists should consider hidradenoma papilliferum in their differential diagnosis of benign anal tumors. Surgical excision is necessary for diagnosis and treatment of hidradenoma papilliferum.

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Hidradenoma papilliferum Presenting as a Painful Clitoral Mass: A Rare Case Report
Meral Koyuncuoğlu, Zercan Kalı, Şule Gençoğlu
Bakirkoy Tip Dergisi / Medical Journal of Bakirkoy.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Perianal hidradenoma papilliferum—a case report
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coloproctology.2025; 47(4): 293. CrossRef
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Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Correlation Between Bowel Preparation and the Adenoma Detection Rate in Screening Colonoscopy: Jung Hun Park, Sang Jin Kim, Jong Hee Hyun, Kyung Su Han, Byung Chang Kim, Chang Won Hong, Sang-Jeon Lee, Dae Kyung Sohn; Ann Coloproctol. 2017;33(3):93-98. Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2017.33.3.93

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30 Citations

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The adenoma detection rate is commonly used as a measure of the quality of colonoscopy. This study assessed both the association between the adenoma detection rate and the quality of bowel preparation and the risk factors associated with the adenoma detection rate in screening colonoscopy.

Methods

This retrospective analysis involved 1,079 individuals who underwent screening colonoscopy at the National Cancer Center between December 2012 and April 2014. Bowel preparation was classified by using the Aronchick scale. Individuals with inadequate bowel preparations (n = 47, 4.4%) were excluded because additional bowel preparation was needed. The results of 1,032 colonoscopies were included in the analysis.

Results

The subjects' mean age was 53.1 years, and 657 subjects (63.7%) were men. The mean cecal intubation time was 6.7 minutes, and the mean withdrawal time was 8.7 minutes. The adenoma and polyp detection rates were 28.1% and 41.8%, respectively. The polyp, adenoma, and advanced adenoma detection rates did not correlate with the quality of bowel preparation. The multivariate analysis showed age ≥ 60 years (hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.97; P = 0.040), body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m² (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.17–2.08; P = 0.002) and current smoking (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.01–2.06; P = 0.014) to be independent risk factors for adenoma detection.

Conclusion

The adenoma detection rate was unrelated to the quality of bowel preparation for screening colonoscopy. Older age, obesity, and smoking were independent risk factors for adenoma detection.

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Maryan Cavicchi, Gaëlle Tharsis, Pascal Burtin, Philippe Cattan, Franck Venezia, Gilles Tordjman, Agnès Gillet, Joëlle Samama, Karine Nahon-Uzan, David Karsenti
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Impact of diet restriction on bowel preparation for colonoscopy
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Jun Hur, Moo-Jun Baek
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Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for Patients With Rectal Tumors: A Single Institution's Experience: Audrius Dulskas, Alfredas Kilius, Kestutis Petrulis, Narimantas E. Samalavicius; Ann Coloproctol. 2017;33(1):23-27. Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2017.33.1.23

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Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to look at our complication rates and recurrence rates, as well as the need for further radical surgery, in treating patients with benign and early malignant rectal tumors by using transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM).

Methods

Our study included 130 patients who had undergone TEM for rectal adenomas and early rectal cancer from December 2009 to December 2015 at the Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Lithuania. Patients underwent digital and endoscopic evaluation with multiple biopsies. For preoperative staging, pelvic magnetic resonance imaging or endorectal ultrasound was performed. We recorded the demographics, operative details, final pathologies, postoperative lengths of hospital stay, postoperative complications, and recurrences.

Results

The average tumor size was 2.8 ± 1.5 cm (range, 0.5–8.3 cm). 102 benign (78.5%) and 28 malignant tumors (21.5%) were removed. Of the latter, 23 (82.1%) were pT1 cancers and 5 (17.9%) pT2 cancers. Of the 5 patients with pT2 cancer, 2 underwent adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, 1 underwent an abdominoperineal resection, 1 refused further treatment and 1 was lost to follow up. No intraoperative complications occurred. In 7 patients (5.4%), postoperative complications were observed: urinary retention (4 patients, 3.1%), postoperative hemorrhage (2 patients, 1.5%), and wound dehiscence (1 patient, 0.8%). All complications were treated conservatively. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.3 days.

Conclusion

TEM in our experience demonstrated low complication and recurrence rates. This technique is recommended for treating patients with a rectal adenoma and early rectal cancer and has good prognosis.

Citations

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Transanal endoscopic microsurgery was associated with higher recurrence rate in both low- and high-risk T1 rectal cancer compared to surgical resection
Emelie Nilsson, Lisa Arvidsson, Carl-Fredrik Rönnow, Henrik Thorlacius
Surgical Endoscopy.2026; 40(8): 6585. CrossRef
TEMPOUR: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Perioperative Use of an Alpha-1 Blocker to Reduce Postoperative Urinary Retention After Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery Procedures
Thomas Couture, Claudya Morin, Janyssa Charbonneau, Émilie Papillon-Dion, Alexandre Bouchard, François Rouleau-Fournier, Philippe Bouchard, François Letarte, Alexis F. Turgeon, Sebastien Drolet
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The Outcome of Local Excision of Rectal Adenomas with High-Grade Dysplasia by Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery: A Single-Center Experience
Muhammad Khalifa, Rachel Gingold-Belfer, Nidal Issa
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Transanal endoscopic rectal resection: immediate and long-term results
A.A. Maslov, Yu.A. Gevorkyan, N.V. Soldatkina, A.V. Dashkov, S.I. Poluektov, V.E. Kolesnikov, D.O. Kaymakchi, A.V. Snezhko
Khirurgiya. Zhurnal im. N.I. Pirogova.2022; (1): 30. CrossRef
Complex Procedures in Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery: Intraperitoneal Entry, Ultra Large Rectal Tumors, High Lesions, and Resection in the Anal Canal
Xavier Serra-Aracil, Victoria Lucas-Guerrero, Laura Mora-López
Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery.2022; 35(02): 129. CrossRef
Multidisciplinary treatment strategy for early rectal cancer
Gyung Mo Son, In Young Lee, Sung Hwan Cho, Byung-Soo Park, Hyun Sung Kim, Su Bum Park, Hyung Wook Kim, Sang Bo Oh, Tae Un Kim, Dong Hoon Shin
Precision and Future Medicine.2022; 6(1): 32. CrossRef
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Xavier Serra‐Aracil, Andrea Campos‐Serra, Laura Mora‐López, Sheila Serra‐Pla, Anna Pallisera‐Lloveras, Roser Flores‐Clotet, Alba Zárate‐Pinedo, Salvador Navarro‐Soto
World Journal of Surgery.2020; 44(3): 939. CrossRef
Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for a rectal polyp – a video vignette
N. E. Samalavicius, P. Kavaliauskas, A. Dulskas
Colorectal Disease.2020; 22(9): 1203. CrossRef
Endoscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal melanoma
Sheng Wang, Siyu Sun, Xiang Liu, Nan Ge, Guoxin Wang, Jintao Guo, Wen Liu, Jinlong Hu
Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology.2020; 55(3): 330. CrossRef
Is Previous Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for Early Rectal Cancer a Risk Factor of Worse Outcome following Salvage Surgery A Case-Matched Analysis
Audrius Dulskas, Aivaras Atkociunas, Alfredas Kilius, Kestutis Petrulis, Narimantas E. Samalavicius
Visceral Medicine.2019; 35(3): 151. CrossRef
Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal lesions in a specialist regional early rectal cancer centre: the Mersey experience
M. Ondhia, P. Tamvakeras, P. O'Toole, A. Montazerri, T. Andrews, C. Farrell, S. Ahmed, S. Slawik, S. Ahmed
Colorectal Disease.2019; 21(10): 1164. CrossRef
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for Patients with Rare Rectal Tumors
Xin Wu, Guole Lin, Huizhong Qiu, Jiaolin Zhou
Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques.2018; 28(5): 546. CrossRef
Modern management of T1 rectal cancer by transanal endoscopic microsurgery: a 10‐year single‐centre experience
H. J. S. Jones, R. Hompes, N. Mortensen, C. Cunningham
Colorectal Disease.2018; 20(7): 586. CrossRef
Transanal endoscopic microsurgery as day surgery – a single‐centre experience with 500 patients
C. J. Brown, J. Q. Gentles, T. P. Phang, A. A. Karimuddin, M. J. Raval
Colorectal Disease.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery
Byung Chun Kim
Annals of Coloproctology.2017; 33(1): 5. CrossRef
Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for giant benign rectal tumours: is large size a contraindication?
Audrius Dulskas, Alfredas Kilius, Kestutis Petrulis, Narimantas E. Samalavicius
International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2017; 32(12): 1759. CrossRef

Association Between Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke at the Workplace and Risk for Developing a Colorectal Adenoma: A Cross-Sectional Study: Seung-Hwa Lee, Ji-Yeon Hong, Jung-Un Lee, Dong Ryul Lee; Ann Coloproctol. 2016;32(2):51-57. Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2016.32.2.51

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Abstract PDF

Purpose

A colorectal adenoma (CRA) is a well-defined precursor to colorectal cancer (CRC). Additionally, smoking is a potent risk factor for developing a CRA, as well as CRC. However, the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and the risk for developing a CRA has not yet been fully evaluated in epidemiologic studies. We performed a cross-sectional analysis on the association between exposure to ETS at the workplace and the risk for developing a CRA.

Methods

The study was conducted on subjects who had undergone a colonoscopy at a health promotion center from January 2012 to December 2012. After descriptive analyses, overall and subgroup analyses by smoking status were performed by using a multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Among the 1,129 participants, 300 (26.6%) were diagnosed as having CRAs. Exposure to ETS was found to be associated with CRAs in all subjects (fully adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–2.44; P = 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, exposure to ETS in former smokers increased the risk for developing a CRA (fully adjusted OR, 4.44; 95% CI, 2.07–9.51; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Exposure to occupational ETS at the workplace, independent of the other factors, was associated with increased risk for developing a CRA in all subjects and in former smokers. Further retrospective studies with large sample sizes may be necessary to clarify the causal effect of this relationship.

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Plausible Roles for RAGE in Conditions Exacerbated by Direct and Indirect (Secondhand) Smoke Exposure
Joshua Lewis, Kelsey Hirschi, Juan Arroyo, Benjamin Bikman, David Kooyman, Paul Reynolds
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2017; 18(3): 652. CrossRef
Metformin therapy and the risk of colorectal adenoma in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis
Yi-Chao Hou, Qiang Hu, Jiao Huang, Jing-Yuan Fang, Hua Xiong
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Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Contributes to the Risk of Developing a Colorectal Adenoma, Doesn't It? Are Repeated Exposures to Such Smoke Dangerous?
Bong Hwa Lee, Min Jung Kim, Hyoung Chul Park
Annals of Coloproctology.2016; 32(2): 43. CrossRef

Case Report

Primary Retroperitoneal Mucinous Cystadenoma: Seok Youn Lee, Weon Cheol Han; Ann Coloproctol. 2016;32(1):33-37. Published online February 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2016.32.1.33

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Abstract PDF

Mucinous cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary are clinically and histopathologically well-established common tumors. However, primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystic tumors are extremely rare, and although their histopathogenesis is still uncertain, several theories have been proposed. Most authors suggest that they develop through mucinous metaplasia in a preexisting mesothelium-lined cyst. An accurate preoperative diagnosis of these tumors is difficult because no effective diagnostic measures have been established. Delay in diagnosis and treatment of this tumor may be fatal for the patient because of complications such as rupture, infection, and malignant transformation. We describe the case of a 31-year-old woman with abdominal pain and a palpable mass. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a retroperitoneal cystic mass, which was resected successfully through laparoscopy. Histopathological examination of the resected mass confirmed the diagnosis of a primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 5 without any complications.

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Original Article

Distribution of the Colonoscopic Adenoma Detection Rate According to Age: Is Recommending Colonoscopy Screening for Koreans Over the Age of 50 Safe?: Taeseok Bae, Yunhyung Ha, Changkyun Kim, Jihyun Lee, Kwangil Ha, Sanghyun Shin, Youngcheol Lee, Yoonsik Kang; Ann Coloproctol. 2015;31(2):46-51. Published online April 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2015.31.2.46

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Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was conducted to determine the distributions of the polyp detection rate (PDR) and the adenoma detection rate (ADR) according to age by analyzing the polypectomy results.

Methods

A total of 10,098 patients who underwent a colonoscopy in 2013 were included in this study. Chi-square and logistic regression statistical analyses were performed using SPSS ver. 19.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 52.7 years old (median, 54 ± 12.52 years; range, 14 to 92 years). A total of 6,459 adenomatous polyps (61.7%) from a total of 10,462 polyps were eliminated. The PDR was 50.9% (5,136/10,098), and the. ADR was 35.4% (3,579/10,098). The male-to-female ratio was 51.3%:48.7%, with a male-to-female ADR ratio of 42.8% : 27.7% (P < 0.001). In the age distribution, the values of the ADR were 0% for patients in their 10's, 6.3% for those in their 20's, 14.0% for those in their 30's, 28.7% for those in their 40's, 38.4% for those in their 50's, 46.2% for those in their 60's, 55.8% for those in their 70's, 56.1% for those in their 80's, and 33.3% for those in their 90's. In males, the values of the ADR were 0%, 9.1%, 17.1%, 37.8%, 48.2%, 53.6%, 61.7%, 59.1%, and 33.3% for the same age distribution, and a steep increase was found between patients in their 30's and patients in their 40's. Significant (P < 0.001) factors influencing the ADR included sex, previous colonoscopy experience, polypectomy method, and age of more than 40 years.

Conclusion

In considering the adenoma carcinoma sequence, 28.7% of people, especially 37.8% of males in their 40's showed adenomatous polyps. Whether an earlier first-time colonoscopy will have better results in preventing colorectal cancer should be investigated and discussed.

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Implementing key quality performance metrics improves colorectal adenoma detection: Evidence from India
Sonmoon Mohapatra, Ashutosh Mohapatra, Nitin Jagtap, Krushna Chandra Pani, Gurunath Bhange, Vivek Kaul, Nageshwar Reddy, Mahesh K. Goenka
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Adenoma Detection Rate in Average-Risk Population: An Observational Consecutive Retrospective Study
Xiaoyan He, Xiangyin Lv, Binbin Zhang, Xiaoxuan Ying, Chiyu Hu, Xiaoying Zhou, Jianwen Hu
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Adenoma Detection Rates in 45–49-Year-Old Persons Undergoing Screening Colonoscopy: Analysis From the GIQuIC Registry
Mohammad Bilal, Jennifer Holub, David Greenwald, Mark B. Pochapin, Douglas K. Rex, Aasma Shaukat
American Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 117(5): 806. CrossRef
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Mirza KOVACEVIC, Nermina RIZVANOVIC, Adisa SABANOVIC ADILOVIC, Nedim BARUCIJA, Anida ABAZOVIC
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Jin Young Yoon, Jae Myung Cha, Jeong Eun Shin, Kyeong Ok Kim, Hyo-Joon Yang, Hyun Gun Kim, Young-Seok Cho, Sun-Jin Boo, Jun Lee, Yunho Jung, Hyun Jung Lee, Hoon Sup Koo, Young-Eun Joo
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Alice Chu Jiang, Lela Buckingham, William Barbanera, Amoah Yeboah Korang, Faraz Bishesari, Joshua Melson
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Case Report

Regression of Colonic Adenomas After Treatment With Sulindac in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: A Case With a 2-Year Follow-up Without a Prophylactic Colectomy: Kyu Young Kim, Seong Woo Jeon, Jung Gil Park, Chung Hoon Yu, Se Young Jang, Jae Kwang Lee, Hee Young Hwang; Ann Coloproctol. 2014;30(4):201-204. Published online August 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2014.30.4.201

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Abstract PDF

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hundreds of colorectal adenomatous polyps that progress to colorectal cancer. Management of patients with FAP is with a total colectomy. Chemopreventive strategies have been studied in FAP patients in an effort to delay the development of adenomas in the upper and the lower gastrointestinal tract and to prevent recurrence of adenomas in the retained rectum of patients after prophylactic surgery. Sulindac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, causes regression of colorectal adenomas in the retained rectal segment of FAP patients. However, evidence regarding long-term use of this therapy and its effect on the intact colon has been insufficient. We report a case in which the long-term use of sulindac was effective in reducing the size and the number of colonic polyps in patients with FAP without a prophylactic colectomy and polypectomy; we also present a review of the literature.

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Endogenous conversion of ω-6 to ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids infat-1 mice attenuated intestinal polyposis by either inhibiting COX-2/β-catenin signaling or activating 15-PGDH/IL-18
Young-Min Han, Jong-Min Park, Ji-Young Cha, Migyeong Jeong, Eun-Jin Go, Ki Baik Hahm
International Journal of Cancer.2016; 138(9): 2247. CrossRef
NOSH-sulindac (AVT-18A) is a novel nitric oxide- and hydrogen sulfide-releasing hybrid that is gastrointestinal safe and has potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-platelet, and anti-cancer properties
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Original Articles

Importance of Early Follow-up Colonoscopy in Patients at High Risk for Colorectal Polyps: Sung Taek Jung, Dae Kyung Sohn, Chang Won Hong, Byung Chang Kim, Ji Won Park, Kyung Su Han, Hee Jin Chang, Hyo Sung Choi, Jae Hwan Oh; Ann Coloproctol. 2013;29(6):243-247. Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2013.29.6.243

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5 Citations

Abstract PDF

Purpose

Minimizing the polyp miss rate during colonoscopy is important for patients at high risk for colorectal polyps. We investigated the polyp miss rate and the factors associated with it in high-risk patients.

Methods

The medical records of 163 patients who underwent follow-up colonoscopy between January 2001 and April 2010, which was within 9 months after a polypectomy, because the index colonoscopy had shown multiple (more than 3) adenomas or advanced adenoma were retrospectively reviewed. Miss rates were calculated for all polyps, for neoplastic polyps and for advanced adenomas. Factors associated with the miss rates in these patients, such as the location, shape and size of the polyp, were analyzed.

Results

The miss rates for polyps, adenomas, adenomas <5 mm, adenomas ≥5 mm and advanced adenomas were 32.6%, 20.9%, 17.7%, 3.2%, and 0.9%, respectively. No carcinoma, except for one small carcinoid tumor, was missed. Flat shape and small size (<5 mm) were significantly associated with adenoma miss rate. The miss rate was significantly higher for flat-type advanced adenomas than for protruded-type advanced adenomas (27.7% vs 4.1%).

Conclusion

The polyp miss rate in patients at high risk for colorectal polyps was higher than expected. Efforts are needed to reduce miss rates and improve the quality of colonoscopy. Also, early follow-up colonoscopy is mandatory, especially in patients at high risk.

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Incidence and Multiplicities of Adenomatous Polyps in TNM Stage I Colorectal Cancer in Korea: Young-Sang Hong, Eun-Joo Jung, Chun-Geun Ryu, Gang-Mi Kim, Su-Ran Kim, Sung-Noh Hong, Dae-Yong Hwang; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2012;28(4):213-218. Published online August 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2012.28.4.213

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Abstract PDF

Purpose

In recent years, the incidence of early-stage colorectal cancer (CRC) has markedly increased in the population within the Republic of Korea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic features of adenomatous polyps in TNM stage I CRC patients and in the general population.

Methods

Between March 2003 and September 2009, 168 patients with stage I CRC were enrolled in this study. In addition, the records of 4,315 members of the general population without CRC, as determined by colonoscopy during a health check-up, were reviewed.

Results

Of the 168 patients with stage I CRC, 68 (40.5%) had coexisting colorectal adenomatous polyps and of the 4,315 members of the general population, 1,112 (26.0%) had coexisting adenomatous polyps (P = 0.006). The prevalences of adenomatous polyp multiplicity in early CRC and in the general population were 32% and 15%, respectively (P = 0.023). Patients with coexisting adenomatous polyps had a higher frequency of tubulovillous or villous adenomas than members of the general population with polyps (7.5% vs. 2.0%, P = 0.037). Furthermore, a subgroup analysis showed that the occurrence (44% vs. 34%, P = 0.006) and the multiplicity (32% vs. 15%, P = 0.023) of adenomatous polyps were greater for T2 than T1 cancer.

Conclusion

The prevalence and the multiplicity of adenomatous polyps in TNM stage I CRC is higher than it is in the general population. The findings of this study suggest that depth of invasion of early stage CRC affects the prevalence and the number of adenomatous polyps in the remaining colon and rectum.

Citations

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Treatment of cancer in tubular villous colorectal adenomas
O.I. Kit, Yu.A. Gevorkyan, N.V. Soldatkina, V.M. Legostaev, E.N. Kolesnikov, O.K. Bondarenko, E.N. Mironenko, D.S. Petrov
Pirogov Russian Journal of Surgery.2025; (9): 29. CrossRef
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Jin-Hee Paik, Chun-Geun Ryu, Dae-Yong Hwang
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2023; 104(5): 281. CrossRef

Efficacy of Transparent Cap-attached Colonoscopy: Does It Improve the Quality of Colonoscopy?.: Choi, Dong Hyun , Shin, Hyeon Keun , Lee, Young Chan , Lim, Cheong Ho , Jeong, Seung Kyu , Lee, Suk Hwan , Yang, Hyung Kyu; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2010;26(2):116-122.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2010.26.2.116

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
Recently, the use of a transparent cap attached to the tip of the colonoscope has been revealed to be helpful in both detecting colorectal polyps and shortening the intubation time to the cecum. The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of transparent cap-attached colonoscopy (CAC) as compared with conventional colonoscopy (CC) in terms of the technical ease and efficiency.
METHODS
Colonoscopies from a total of 228 patients between May and October 2008 were prospectively collected. All colonoscopies were performed by single colorectal surgeon whose experience exceeded 3,000 colonoscopies. Patients were assigned to the CAC group (n=114) or to the CC group (n=114). The cecal intubation rate and time, the polyp detection rate, the adenoma detection rate, the withdrawal time, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) of the patient's pain were compared.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences in the age, sex, body mass index, previous history of abdominal operation, diverticulosis, and the degree of bowel preparation between the two groups. The cecal intubation rate was 100% in both groups. The cecal intubation time was significantly shorter in the CAC group than in the CC group overall (5.3+/-4.0 min vs. 7.6+/-4.3 min, P<0.001), as well as for female (6.1+/-2.8 min vs. 9.1+/-4.7 min, P<0.001) patients. There were no statistically significant differences in the total colonoscopy time (13.1+/-6.3 min vs. 14.5+/-5.2 min, P=0.066), the polyp detection rate (38.6% vs. 33.3%, P=0.408), the adenoma detection rate (28.1% vs. 25.4%, P=0.654), and the VAS scale of pain (2.48 vs. 2.74, P=0.353) between the CAC and the CC groups.
CONCLUSION
The transparent cap is effective in shortening the cecal intubation time, especially in female patients.

Citations

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Cap-assisted endoscopy: Do we have enough evidence?
Thomas Frieling
Endoscopy International Open.2018; 06(10): E1224. CrossRef
Improving the utility of colonoscopy: Recent advances in practice
Crispin J Corte, Rupert W Leong
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2016; 31(1): 32. CrossRef
The Effect of Indigocarmine on Improvement of the Polyp Detection Rate during Colonoscopic Examination with Hood Cap
Sang Chang Kwon, Sung Won Choi, Seong Ho Choi, Hee Seung Park, Seung Heon Lee, Bong Gun Kim, Eun Hee Seo, Mun Jang, Seung Min Ryu, Dong Hyun Kim, Young Hoon Kim, Jun Ouk Ha, Jae Seung Lee
Intestinal Research.2014; 12(1): 60. CrossRef
Image-enhanced, chromo, and cap-assisted colonoscopy for improving adenoma/neoplasia detection rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Fumio Omata, Sachiko Ohde, Gautam A. Deshpande, Daiki Kobayashi, Katsunori Masuda, Tsuguya Fukui
Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology.2014; 49(2): 222. CrossRef
Transparent cap colonoscopy versus standard colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Can Cap-Assisted Colonoscopy Be a Savior for Right Side Interval Cancer?
Hyung Hun Kim
Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2013; 58(2): 289. CrossRef
Efficacy of Hood-cap Assisted Colonoscopy; Comparison with Conventional Colonoscopy
Sung Won Choi, Hee Seung Park, Jae Seung Lee, Sang Yon Hwang, Sung Dong Kwak, Seong Ho Choi
Intestinal Research.2012; 10(3): 280. CrossRef
Transparent Cap Colonoscopy versus Standard Colonoscopy to Improve Caecal Intubation
Jenna Morgan, Kathryn Thomas, Heather Lee-Robichaud, Richard L Nelson, Sarah Braungart
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2012;[Epub] CrossRef

Case Report

Adult Sigmoido-recto-anal Intussusception by a Sigmoid Colon Adenoma.: Park, Young Jin; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2009;25(2):121-124.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2009.25.2.121

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Abstract PDF

Although rectal procidentia is not an uncommon disease, presentation of more proximal segments of the large bowel through the anus is extremely rare. A case with sigmoido-recto-anal prolapse secondary to a large adenoma of the sigmoid colon is reported herein. A 28-yr-old man with an anal prolapsing mass was admitted to our hospital. Preoperative CT scan showed a sigmoid-recto-anal prolapse. An emergency operation was decided upon because the prolapsed segment was irreducible and because its viability was questionable. After a manual reduction of the mass, an anterior resection was performed under general anesthesia. The pathologic diagnosis of the resected specimen was a large villo-tubular adenoma.

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Laparoscopic Treatment of Adult Sigmoidorectal Intussusception Caused by a Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Sigmoid Colon: A Case Report
Seok Youn Lee, Won Cheol Park, Jeong Kyun Lee, Dong Baek Kang, Young Kim, Ki Jung Yun
Journal of the Korean Society of Coloproctology.2011; 27(1): 44. CrossRef

Original Articles

Desmoid Tumor in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP).: Kim, Dae Dong , Yu, Chang Sik , Hong, Dong Hyun , Jung, Sang Hun , Choi, Pyong Wha , Park, In Ja , Kim, Hee Cheol , Kim, Jin Cheon; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2008;24(1):20-26.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2008.24.1.20

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PURPOSE
This research was conducted to assess the incidence, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes for desmoid tumors in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). METHODS: At Medical Center, we recruited 47 patients who had been diagnosed as having intraabdominal or abdominal wall desmoid tumor between Aug. 1995 and Dec. 2005. We compared FAP-associated desmoid tumors with non-FAP-associated desmoid tumors according to clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. RESULTS: Desmoid tumors developed 12/46 (26.1%) in FAP, 1/14 (7.1%) in attenuated FAP and 34 in non-FAP associated. Unlike non-FAP-associated desmoid tumors, the occurrence of FAP-associated desmoid tumors in tended to be higher in the earlier age groups (< or =40 yrs, 92.3% vs 67.6%, P=0.082) and no sexual predominancy was observed (male:female ratio of 1.2:1 vs a tumor ratio 1:3.9, P=0.033). Intraabdominal-type desmoid tumors associated for the majority of FAP-associated desmoid tumors (92.3% vs 38.2%, P=0.002), and 70% of the desmoid tumors occurred within 3 years after total proctocolectomy. In the treatment of FAP-associated intraabdominal desmoid tumors, surgery was performed in 7 cases (58.3%), and complete resections were done in only 3 cases (25%), with one recurrence. In non-FAP-associated desmoid tumors, complete resection was possible in 10 cases (76.9%), and there was no recurrence (P=0.036). The medical treatment for unresectable or incompletely resectable cases in cases of non-FAP-associated desmoid tumor was good, but for FAP-associated desmoid tumors, the effectiveness was not good, and further investigation was needed. CONCLUSIONS: Intraabdominal desmoid tumors in FAP patients occurred frequently in the early (< or =3 yrs) postoperative period, and the treatment, outcome including surgery and medication, outcome was not good in patients with FAP-associated desmoid tumors.

Citations

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Clinical Characteristics and Adequate Treatment of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Combined with Desmoid Tumors
Won Beom Jung, Chan Wook Kim, Jin Cheon Kim
Cancer Research and Treatment.2014; 46(4): 366. CrossRef

Clinical Characteristics of Synchronous Adenomas Designated as Risk Factors of Metachronous Malignancy in Colorectal Cancer.: Jung, Sang Hun , Kim, Hee Cheol , Yu, Chang Sik , Kim, Jin Cheon; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2007;23(4):237-244.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2007.23.4.237

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
More than 80% of colorectal cancers are known to occur from adenomas, but only a subset of adenomas undergoes malignant transformation. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess clinicopathologic characteristics of synchronous adenomas associated with metachronous malignant neoplasms in colorectal cancer patients.
METHODS
Three hundred sixty-eight colorectal cancer patients with synchronous adenomas who underwent a complete polypectomy were consecutively enrolled between 1995 and 2002. The patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), and synchronous colorectal cancers with invasion beyond the submucosa, and patients who underwent a total colectomy were excluded.
RESULTS
The mean age were 60 years (range, 27~83), and the male- to-female ratio was 2.6:1. The mean number of synchronous adenomos was 2.4 (1~22). The incidence of metachronous adenomas was 44.3% (163 patients), and that of metachronous malignant neoplasms was 5.2% (19 patients), consisting of 9 carcinomas and 10 malignant polyps (or adenomas with malignant change). In the multivariate analysis, the variables associated a metachronous adenoma were sex (male), location of the primary tumor, and multiple synchronous adenomas. The independent risk factors of metachronous malignant neoplasms were synchronous neoplastic adenomas (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.24~11.83) and large adenomas (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 1.17~11.27). The mean free-inverval of matachronous malignant neoplasms was 24 months (range, 12~52).
CONCLUSIONS
Colorectal cancer patients with synchronous adenomas are prone to be at risk for recurrent adenomas and malignant tumors. High- risk patients for metachnonous malignant neoplasms should be considered for frequent colonoscopy follow-up.

Citations

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Risk factors of advanced metachronous neoplasms in surveillance after colon cancer resection
Kwangwoo Nam, Jeong Eun Shin
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2021; 36(2): 305. CrossRef
Treatment of Multiple Colorectal Cancers
Ok Joo Paek, Seung Yeop Oh, Kwang Wook Suh
Journal of the Korean Society of Coloproctology.2009; 25(1): 34. CrossRef

Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid in Association with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis.: Kim, Hyung Joo , song, Chang Suk , Park, Sung Woo , Koo, Bon Sam , Kim, Sung Hu , Park, Seon Ja , Choi, Young Sik , Ahn, Byung Kwon , Baek, Sung Uhn , Koo, Ja Young; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1998;14(4):775-779.

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Abstract PDF: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) includes early development of up to thousands of colorectal adenoma and of colonic adenocarcinoma in all untreated cases. Moreover, a variety of extracolonic manifestation are seen. Several reports have demontrated a high incidence of papillry carcinoma of thyroid. We experienced a case of familial adenomatous polyposis, presenting with thyoid papillry carcinoma, and reported with a brief review of literatures.

Clinical Features of Colorectal Serrated Adenomas.: Kim, Hyung Joon , Kim, Tae Hyo , Lim, Byung Lyul , Jung, Gyung Ah , Kim, Hyun Jin , Jung, Woon Tae , Joo, Young Tae , Choi, Sang Kyung , Lee, Jung Hee; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2006;22(2):91-96.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Colorectal cancer is believed to progress through an adenoma-carcinoma sequence. However, recent evidence increasingly supports the existence of an alternative route for colorectal carcinogenesis through a serrated adenoma, which combines the architectural features of hyperplastic polyps with the cytological features of traditional adenomas. We assessed the characteristics and the endoscopic features of serrated adenomas and compared them with those of hyperplastic polyps and traditional adenomas in Korea.
METHODS
The medical records of 344 consecutive patients who underwent a colonoscopic biopsy or polypectomy from January 2003 through August 2004 at Gyeongsang National University Hospital were analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS
Serrated adenomas were seen in 12 cases (3.4%), and the most common site was the rectum (50%). Endoscopically in most cases, the serrated adenomas had small diameters (< or = 0.5 cm) and were single polyps. Morphologically, the serrated adenomas were flat and non-pedunculated. The coincidental rate of the carcinomas was 8.3%.
CONCLUSIONS
According to this study, serrated adenomas are generally single, sessile adenomas with diameters less than 5 mm, and they are commonly observed in the left colon, especially in the rectum.

Clinical Analysis of 40 Patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP).: Lee, Young Chan , Kim, Nam Kyu , Baik, Seung Hyuk , Lee, Kang Young , Sohn, Seung Kook , Cho, Chang Hwan; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2006;22(1):24-28.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was carried to find the clinical characteristics of incidence and the phenotype of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
METHODS
This retrospective analysis was performed on 40 patients who were diagnosed as having FAP and who underwent surgery due to FAP from June 1985 to April 2005. The operative method, extra-colonic symptoms, and number of polyps were analyzed.
RESULTS
From June 1985 to April 2005, 0.65% (40 patients) of all surgically treated colon-cancer patients were diagnosed as having FAP. Seventeen patients had familial history, and 23 patients were neither aware of any familial history nor had taken any tests. The primary symptoms were hematochezia, diarrhea, mucous discharge, constipation, and abdominal pain, but 5 patients had no specific symptoms. The mean age was 38.0 years. A total colectomy with ileostomy was performed in 19 cases, a total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis in 2 case, and a total proctocolectomy with ileal J pouch anal anastomosis in 17 cases. One case was only diagnosed as having a FAP without surgical treatment, and one cases had palliative surgery due to carcinomatosis. Thirty-five cases had more than one hundred polyps, and 5 cases had less than one hundred polyps with a higher mean age of 62.2 (50~74) years and having no familial history. Extracolonic manifestations, were congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, submandibular tumor, thyroid cancer, and intraabdominal desmoid tumor. The polyps could develop in other organs, such as the stomach or the duodenum. Because they can progress to cancer, a gastroduodenoscopy needs to be done. As for result, 17 cases underwent endoscopic gastroduodenoscopy, and among them, 9 cases had multiple adenomas.
CONCLUSIONS
FAP has been considered as a rare disease. Because of its association with early development of colorectal cancer, measures for early detection of the disease and for identification of other family members at risk should be performed. Furthermore, early prophylactic treatment should be undertaken to reduce the incidence of cancer in these conditions. For early detection and better outcome, clinical and radiological examination and treatment for extracolonic manifestations and extracolonic tumor (thyroid cancer, desmoid tumor, medulloblastoma, hepatoblastoma) are necessary.

Case Report

Unresectable Desmoid Tumor Developing after Surgery of F.A.P Case report.: Lee, Hyeon Serk , Jeon, Hae Myung , Ok, Seong Taek , Kim, Jeong Soo , Lee, Eun Jung , Kim, Jae Sung; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1998;14(2):323-329.

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Abstract PDF: Desmoid tumors are defined as aggressive overgrowth of fibrous sheets and musculoaponeurotic structures. Although desmoid tumors are generally known as a benign neoplasm, it's aggresive local invasiveness and frequent recurrence indicate it's position lying between the benign and malignancy. The association of desmoid tumor and familial adenomtous polyposis(FAP) was first made in 1923 by Nichols. In 1951, Gardner reported the familial occurrence of intestinal polyposis, osteomas, fibromas, and epidermal or sebaceous cyst. Desmoid tumors are common in patients with FAP and Occur in 3.5~29% of patients with FAP whereas the incidence in the gerenal population is 2~5/1,000,000 person years. Surgical resection of desmoids in patients with FAP has been controversial because unresectability and recurrence are more common than cure. Palliative and curative resections have a high morbidity. Surgery should be reserved for those patients with symptomatic mesenteric desmoids. If a small mesenteric desmoid is encountered incidentally and is easily resectable, it should be resected. If surgery has been less than satisfactory in the treatment of these patients, several different medical approaches can be combined with or without surgical resection with mixed result. Authors report a case of unresectable mesenteric desmoid tumor, developing after surgery of FAP and literatures were reviewed

Original Articles

Expression of a Novel 90 kDa Heat Shock Protein in Colorectal Tumor.: Choi, Dae Hwa , Cho, Hong Rae , Ko, Byung Kyun , Nah, Yang Won , Nam, Chang Woo , Kim, Gyu Yeol , Im, Young Cheol , Park, Kun Choon , Kim, Do Ha , Park, Jae Hoo , Min, Young Joo , Suh, Fae Hee , Park, Jeong Woo; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2002;18(1):1-6.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
When cells are subjected to a wide variety of stressful stimuli, they respond by increasing the synthesis of specific stress proteins. Stresses include heat shock, nutrient deprivation, oxygen radicals, toxic metal and viral infection. Major stress proteins are Hsp 27, Hsp 60, Hsp 70 (9), Hsp 90 (3) and Hsp 100 (1). Previously a novel 90 kDa stress protein has been reported to be induced in fish cells by virus infection. The novel 90 kDa stress protein is different from well-known major stress protein in size, antigenicity, cellular localization. The novel 90 kDa stress protein was found to be present in various kinds of cells including human cells and its expression was increased in human carcinomas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the expression of the novel 90 kDa stress protein in human colonic mucosa of normal tissue, adenoma and adenocarcinoma using immunohistochemical method.
METHODS
85 colon tissues were screened for the expression of the novel 90 kDa stress protein; 85 normal colonic mucosa, 20 colonic adenoma and 65 colonic adenocarcinoma. The tissues were stained with monoclonal antibody against the novel 90 kDa stress protein. In scoring system, tissue sections with immunostained area above 10 % were decided to be positive and, among the positive, the tissue sections were divided into three score, 1, 2, and 3, based on the staining intensity and positive area proportion. The tissue sections with immunostained area below 10% were decided to be negative and grouped into 0 score. Correlation of immunohistochemical expression was analysed by using SPSS version 10.0 statistically.
RESULTS
The expression of the 90 kDa stress protein was significantly different among normal colonic mucosa, colonic adenoma, and colonic adenocarcinoma and the percentage of positive samples were 14.1%, 80.5%, and 95.4% respectively. This result suggests that the expression level of the novel 90 kDa stress protein was extremely low in normal tissue but increased significantly in adenocarcinomatous tissues.
CONCLUSIONS
The expression of the novel 90 kDa stress protein was increased significantly with transformation of the normal colon tissue to malignancy. This suggests the possibility that this novel 90 kDa stress protein play some role in cancerous transformation of colon tissue.

Expression of p27 Protein in Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Colorectum.: Son, Hyun Jin , Kang, Myoung Jae; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2001;17(5):251-258.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1 protein is a negative regulator of the cell division cycle, and its degradation is required for entry into the S phase. Loss of p27(kip1) protein expression has been reported to be associated with aggressive behavior in a variety of tumors of epithelial and lymphoid origin. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of p27 protein in adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the colorectum and to assess the prognostic significance.
METHODS
We performed immunohistochemical staining for expression of p27 protein in adenomas (20 cases) and adenocarcinomas (30 cases) of the colorectum. The data (p27 protein labeling index (LI, mean+/-standard deviation)) were analyzed in association with clinicopathologic parameters.
RESULTS
p27 protein LI of normal mucosa (10 cases), adenoma, and adenocarcinoma were 93.3+/-4.5, 65.4+/-17.5, and 28.2+/- 14.5, respectively (p<0.0001). p27 protein LI of well differentiated adenocarcinoma was slightly higher than those of moderately and/or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, but did not show any significant difference among these groups (p=0.19). Also p27 protein expression did not show any significant relationship to other prognostic facters such as age, invasion depth, and operative staging.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggested that reduced expression of p27 protein may play an important role in the malignant transformation process of colorectal cancer.

Sigmoidoscopy, is it Enough as a Screening Tool? -Undetectable colorectal adenomas by sigmoidoscopy-.: Jeong, Seung Yong , Kang, Yoon Sic , Kim, Do Sun , Lee, Doo Han , Cho, Hang Jun , Kim, Tae Soo; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1998;14(1):123-128.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
It is generally accepted that most colorectal cancers develop from adenomas, so the detection and removal of them can reduce the incidence of colorectal cancers. Sigmoidoscopy is the effective tool for detecting and removing adenomatous polyps in the rectosigmoid region, but its major limitation is that sigmoidoscopy alone can not detect considerable portion of colorectal adenomas.
METHODS
From October, 1996 to August, 1997, we performed 2017 sigmoidoscopies and 1683 colonoscopies. We analysed the anatomical distribution of adenomas and compared the detection rate of adenomas between two groups. In 32 cases, adenomas detected by sigmoidoscopy were followed by colonoscopy in less than 2 months.
RESULTS
We found 125 cases of adenomas in 2017 sigmoidoscopies and 281 cases of adenomas in 1683 colonoscopies. In 281 cases of adenomas found by colonoscopy, 151 cases had rectosigmoid adenomas only and 25 cases had rectosigmoid and proximal adenomas, 105 cases had proximal adenomas only. The detection rate of adenomas by sigmoidoscopy was significantly lower than that by colonoscopy in the rectosigmoid region(6.1% vs. 10.5%, p=0.002). In 32 cases of adenomas found by sigmoidoscopy that were followed by colonoscopy, 7 cases of proximal adenomas and 6 cases of additional rectosigmoid adenomas were detected.
CONCLUSION
Sigmoidoscopy cannot detect adenomas in the proximal colon beyond the sigmoid, it also can miss a significant portion of adenomas in the rectosigmoid.

Comparison of the Result of Restorative Proctocolectomy and Ileal Pouch-anal Anastomosis in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Ulcerative Colitis.: Park, Sun Jin , Lee, Gil Yeon , Lee, Kee Hyung , Koh, Suck Hwan , Hong, Sung Wha , Oh, Soo Myung , Yoon, Choong; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2001;17(4):171-176.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to compare the early postoperative results and the long-term outcome of restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and ulcerative colitis (UC).
METHODS
Thirty patients that underwent IPAA for either FAP (14 patients) or UC (16 patients) at Kyung-Hee University Hospital between January 1987 and December 1999 were studied retrospectively. Either handsewn or stapled anastomosis technique was used in IPAA. Most patients (12 patients in FAP, 16 patients in UC) had a two-stage operation with temporary diverting loop ileostomy and two patients with FAP had a one-stage operation without temporary ileostomy.
RESULTS
One patient in the UC group died from sepsis after operation (n=16, 6.25%), but no patients in the FAP group died. Overall operative complications appeared in two patients (14.3%) and four patients (25%) with FAP and UC, respectively. At follow-up (mean, 47.3 months), pouchitis was developed in four patients with UC, but no patients with FAP. The mean daytime stool frequency was 4.5 stools per day in FAP patients and 5.8 stools per day in UC patients (P=0.031), but night-time stool frequency was similar between two groups (1.2 and 1.4 in FAP and UC, respectively; P>0.05). Daytime fecal incontinence was noticed in two patients (14.3%) with FAP and four patients (26.7%) with UC. Night-time fecal incontinence was noticed in three patients (21.4%) with FAP and six patients (40.0%) with UC.
CONCLUSIONS
FAP patients tolerated the operation better and had less long-term disability than did UC patients. This suggested that the long-term outcome of IPAA procedure may depend on the primary disease rather than the procedure itself.

Expression of MUC2 and MUC6 in Colorectal Adenomas and Adenocarcinomas.: Park, Ho Sung , Kong, Tae Shik , Jang, Kyu Yun , Chung, Myoung Ja , Moon, Woo Sung , Lee, Dong Geun , Kang, Myoung Jae; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2005;21(4):193-200.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Although the expression of MUC2 is seen in colorectal tumors, there have been few reports about the expression of MUC6 in colorectal tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate the expressions of MUC2 and MUC6 in normal colorectal tissues and in tumors, as well as the association of MUC2 and MUC6 expressions with prognostic factors.
METHODS
Twenty (20) cases of colorectal adenomas treated by using a endoscopic polypectomy and 30 cases of colorectal carcinomas treated by using a resection were collected. Ten (10) normal tissue samples were obtained apart from the carcinomas. Sections were used for MUC2 and MUC6 immunostaining. The expressions of MUC2 and MUC6 were scored by using the sum of the percentages of the stained cells and the intensity of staining.
RESULTS
All of the ten normal colorectal tissues expressed MUC2 and MUC6. Of the 20 adenomas, 19 cases (95%) were MUC2 positive, and 17 cases (85%) were MUC6 positive. Adenomas with severe atypia tended to express lower levels of MUC2 and MUC6 than those with mild or moderate atypia. Of the 30 carcinomas, 28 cases (93%) were MUC2 positive and 19 cases (63.3%) were MUC6 positive. Colorectal mucinous carcinomas differed significantly from non-mucinous carcinomas in strong MUC6 expression. MUC2 expression showed a significant association with lymph-node metastasis.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that MUC6 is expressed in normal colorectal tissues and tumors, that MUC6 expression is especially strong in mucinous carcinomas, and that MUC2 expression is associated with lymph-node metastasis, among the prognostic factors.

Carcinoma in an Ileal Pouch after Proctocolectomy, with Ileal Pouch-Anal.: Kim, Hyeong Rok , Kim, Dong Yi , Kim, Young Jin; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1997;13(4):623-628.

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Abstract PDF: Familial adenomatous polyposis(FAP) has a significant risk of developing colorectal cancer. As a consequence, their surgical treatment is currently widely performed by restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis(IPAA). Frequently, the potential for recurrence in FAP patients after above operation was overlooked. In fact, several reports were presented for warning of recurred cancer in ileal pouch. We report a case of a patient who developed adenocarcinoma in an ileal pouch after restorative proctocolectomy for familial adenomatous polyposis with a review of literature.

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis with Gallbladder Polyps.: Bae, Jin Han , Whang, Chang Sun , Choi, Young Hee; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1997;13(3):535-540.

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Abstract PDF: Familial adenomatous polyposis(FAP) is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the appearance in early life of numerous adenomas of colon and rectum. According to the recent studies, familial polypolis is a disease which produces polypoid lesions not only in the large intestine but also in the stomach duodenum, ileum and jejunum. The natural course of extracolonic lesions is variable, but the colonic polyps are associated with high incidence of cancer. The risk of malignant change is virtually 100% if untreated. The authors report a case of FAP in a 36-year-old-female who presented colorectal polyposis with multiple adenomas of the gallbladder. A review of literature with emphasis on the association of adenoma of the gallbladder was made.

The Role of CD24 in Colonic Adenocarcinoma.: Lee, Seog Ki , Lim, Sung Chul , Kim, Kyung Jong; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2005;21(1):13-18.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
CD24 is a small, heavily glycosylated glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked cell surface protein that is expressed in hematologic malignancies and in a large variety of solid tumors. It appears to function as a ligand of P-selectin, an adhesion molecule that is present in activated platelets and endothelial cells. We aimed to evaluate CD24 protein expression in adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the colon and to correlate it to clinicopathological data.
METHODS
Adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the colon were stained for CD24 immunohistochemically. For statistical analysis, the staining was categorized according to stainability (negative, weakly, moderately, strongly positive) and staining patterns (membranous vs. intracytoplasmic).
RESULTS
The present study clearly demonstrated that CD24 was much more abundantly expressed for adenocarcinomas than for adenomas in the colon (P <0.05). A higher significant association of cytoplasmic CD24 expression was observed with adenocarcinomas of the colon than with adenomas of the colon (P <0.05) and with positive nodal status of the colonic adenocarcinoma than with negative nodal status of the colonic adenocarcinoma (P <0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The stainability and the staining pattern of CD24 is an important molecular marker for colonic epithelial neoplasms and may help to define malignant transformation and to predict lymph-node metastasis.

Laparoscopic Total Proctocolectomy with Ileal pouch-anal Anastomosis for Patients of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis with or without Coexisting Colorectal Cancer.: Choi, Gyu Seog; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2004;20(6):344-350.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) normally appears in the early twenties and needs a restorative total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (TPC/ IPAA). Thus, most patients with FAP are young, in socially active stage, and very concerned about their body image. Vast experience with laparoscopic colorectal surgery led us to perform laparoscopic-assissted TPC/IPAA for patients with FAP with or without cancer, and we evaluated the results from technical and oncologic aspects.
METHODS
Seventeen of 20 FAP patients underwent laparoscopic- assisted surgery between July 1996 and June 2004. All procedures were done in a totally laparoscopic, a laparoscopic-assisted, or a hand-assisted laparoscopic fashion.
RESULTS
Fifteen patients underwent laparoscopic-assisted TCP/IPAA; two others had a total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis and a TCP with permanent ileostomy laparoscopically. Eight patients showed coexisting colorectal cancers. The mean operation time was 396.5 min. Patients passed flatus or liquid at the 2.2 post-operative day (POD), resumed meals at the 4th. POD, and were discharged at the 10th. POD. There were no intra-operative complications or open conversions. Post-operative complications occurred in 5 different patients. One patient with colon cancer had multiple hepatic metastases at 11 months after the operation and died at 24 months after the operation.
CONCLUSIONS
Laparoscopic-assisted surgery for the patients with FAP was technically feasible and could be an alternative method. The systematized and experienced approach could reduce a operation time to be acceptable. In selected cases and with a vast of experience, coexisting colorectal cancer would not be contraindicated for laparoscopic approach for the treatment of FAP.

Case Reports

Gardner's Syndrome A case report.: Jung, Dong Won , Kim, Dong Yi , Kim, Hyeong Rok , Kim, Young Jin; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1997;13(2):291-300.

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Abstract PDF: Familial adenomatous polyposis(FAP) is a hereditary disorder characterized by the development in adolescence or early adult life of multiple adenomatous polyps throughout the colon and rectum. The risk of malignant transformation is so high as to virtually 100 per cent if the patient lives long enough. Gardner's syndrome, a variant of familial adenomatous polyposis, is characterized by colorectal adenomas, multiple osteomas and variety of soft tissue lesions, including sebaceous cysts, fibromas, lipomas, and desmoid tumors. The recent study show that this group of diseases are caused by different mutations of the same gene located on the long arm of chromosome 5. All family members at risk of inheriting this gene need frequent surveillance of the colon. This should start between the ages of 8 and 12 years and should be continued at regular intervals. Prompt colectomy is indicated at the time the diagnosis is made. We experienced a case of Gardner's syndrome, which had typical extracolonic manifestations. Herein, we report this case with a review of the literature.

A Case of Appendiceal Mucocele with Concominant Colon Cancer.: Yang, Sang Seok , Lim, Seon Hee , Song, Chan Ho , Sheen, Dong Hyuk , Lee, Jee Youn , Han, Yoon Ju , Lim, Byeong Cheol , Kim, Nayoung , Lee, Kyeheui , Yang, Dae Hyeon , Choi, Shin Eun; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2000;16(5):346-350.

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Abstract PDF: The appendiceal mucocele is a rare disorder, usually found incidentally during ultrasonography or radiologic studies. Mucoceles of the appendix include benign or malignant disease. Both of benign cystadenoma and malignant cystadenocarcinoma are characterized by an obstructed, mucin-filled appendix displacing the cecum. We experienced a case of partial obstruction of large bowel who had a cystadenoma at appendix and a colon cancer at other site on operation field. Here in, we report a case of appendiceal mucocele and concominant colon cancer with the review of literatures.

Three Cases of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis.: Kim, Jin Ah , Seo, Geom Seog , You, Keyoung Hoon , Hwang, Ho Geun; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1997;13(2):263-272.

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Abstract PDF: Familial polyposis is a rare genetic disorder which the large intestine is diffusely carpeted by numerous adenomatous polyps. According to the recent studies, familial polyposis is a disease which produces polypoid lesions not only in the large intestine but also in the stomach, duodenum, ileum and jejunum. The natural course of extracolonic lesions is variable, but the colonic polyps are associated with high incidence of cancer. The risk of malignant change is virtually 100% if untreated. Thus when adenomatosis is noted, familial members at risk for familial adenomatous polyposis must be screened and prophylactic surgery performed to prevent inevitable colon cancer. Controversy exists about the most appropriate prophylactic treatment. Because of many disadvantages of ileostomy, total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (ileoproctostomy) or total colectomy with rectal mucosa stripping and ileoanal anastomosis has become a more preferred approach. After ileorectal anastomosis, polyps in the retained rectum must be removed by endoscopic polypectomy and rigorously followed by sigmoidoscopy every few months for prevention of polyp reccurence or malignant transformation. We experienced three cases of familial adenomatous polyposis and 2 of them were treated successfully by preoperative colonoscopic polypectomy, total colectomy and ileoproctostomy.

Original Articles

Pathologic Review of the Rectal Villous Adenoma.: Lim, Kyung Uk , Shin, Young Do , Lee, Seok Hwan , Kee, Kee Hyung; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1997;13(2):175-182.

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Abstract PDF: Neoplastic polyps of colon are one of the most risky factors for colorectal cancer. Particularly villous adenomas have more malignant potential than other neoplastic polyps. The preoperative detection of malignant change in villous adenoma is very important to determine treatment modality of patients. We conducted that total twenty-four cases of villous adenoma who were diagnosed and treated at our institution between January 1990 and December 1995 were reviewed retrospectively. The peak incidence of age was 7th decades. And male to female ratio was 2 : 1. Size of the adenoma ranged from 1.2 to 10.7 cm with a mean diameter of 3.9 cm. Five cases(20.8%) were between 1 and 2 cm, 10(41.7%) between 2 and 4 cm, and 9(31.5%) greater than or equal to 4 cm. Location of the adenoma were 10 cases(41.7%) in upper rectum, 8(33.3%) in rectosigmoid, and 6(25.0%) in lower rectum respectively. Pathologic examination of the resected specimen were diagnosed 9(37.5%) as benign villous adenomas, 10(41.7%) as in situ carcinoma, and 5(20.8%) as invasive carcinoma. The diagnostic accuracy to detect in situ carcinoma or invasive carcinoma was endoscopic examination in 66.7 percent and digital examination in 86.7 percent. The grade of in situ carcinoma had not significantly relationship with the size of the adenoma on our study. However, invasive carcinoma was significantly related to adenoma size(P<0.05) as following results zero percent between 1 and 2 cm, 20 percent between 2 and 4 cm, and 33.3 percent greater than or equal to 4 cm. In conclusion, the larger villous adenoma has higher malignant potential, especially greater than or equal to 4 cm in size. Added, the clinical impression of the malignancy on digital examination can be more accurate than preoperative endoscopic examination on our study.

c-Met Expression in Colorectal Carcinoma and Adenomas: Correlation with Clinicopathologic Parameters.: Kim, Jin , Kim, Jung Yun , Lee, Won Jin , Cho, Seong Jin , Min, Byoung Wook , Um, Jun Won , Cho, Min Young , Suh, Sung Ock , Moon, Hong Young , Hwang, Cheung Wung; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2004;20(4):205-210.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulates proliferation, migration, and morphogenesis of epithelial cells by specifically binding to its receptor c-met. Abnomalities of the c-met oncogene have been studied in cancers of many organs including thyroid, lung, pancreas, and stomach. However, little is known about the clinical significance of c-met oncogene abnormalities in colorectal carcinomas. In this study, we investigated over- expression of the c-met protein in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas, and analyzed the clinicopathologic significance of this over-expression.
METHODS
Expression of the c-met protein localized in colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma tissues was analyzed by using immunohistochemistry. The results were compared with clinicopathologic parameters to find clinical correlation.
RESULTS
c-met protein was detected in 42.5% (17/40) of colorectal cancers and in 10.0% (4/40) of colorectal adenomas (P= 0.001). In colorectal cancer, the proportion of expression of c-met protein was 0% (0/40) in stage I, 47.6% (10/40) in stage II, 53.8% (7/40) in stage III and, 0% (0/40) in stage IV. c-met protein expression was 18.8% (3/40) in tumors with invasion into the muscularis propria (MP), and 58.3% (14/40) in tumors with invasion beyond the MP. The depth of tumor invasion was a statistically significant factor (P=0.022) for c-met expression.
CONCLUSIONS
The c-met protein expression was related to the depth of invasion of colorectal cancer and showed a significant difference in its rate of expression between adenoma and adenocarcinomas.

Clinical Significance of Hyperplastic Polyps in the Distal Colon.: Hong, Boo Hwan , Kim, Jong Han , Ryu, Keun Won , Kim, Sun Han , Kim, Jin Ho , Moon, Hong Young; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2000;16(3):145-149.

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Abstract PDF: To determine whether hyperplastic polyps found in the distal colon are associated with proximal adenomas, and to judge whether patients with distal hyperplastic polyps found during sigmoidoscopy might benefit from full colonoscopy.
METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed 2333 consecutive patients who were examined with colonoscopy between January 1991 and December 1994.
RESULTS
247 of 2333 patients (10.6%) had one or more colonic polyps. The prevalence of adenomatous polyps alone was 72.5%, hyperplastic polyps 22.7%, and both 0.52%. The proportion of patients with distal hyperplastic polyps and proximal adenomatous polyps (4.4%) was not significantly different from the proportion of those without distal hyperplastic polyps (1.6%). Patients with distal adenomatous polyps, on the other hand, were significantly more likely to have proximal adenomatous polyps than those without distal adenomatous polyps.
CONCLUSIONS
Distal hyperplastic polyps are not strong predictors of risk for proximal adenomatous polyps. Based on the results of this study, we do not believe that finding a hyperplastic polyp during sigmoidoscopy justifies doing a full colonoscopy to search for proximal adenomatous polpys.

Clinicopathological Analysis of Suspicious Attenuated Adenomatous Polyposis Coli.: Lee, Dong Hee , Ahn, Byeong Yul , Jeong, Choon Sik , Kim, Hee Cheol , Yu, Chang Sik , Yang, Suk Kyun , Min, Young Il , Kang, Kyung Hoon , Kim, Jin cheon; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1999;15(5):417-426.

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Abstract PDF: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited autosomal dominant syndrome caused by germ-line mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Clinical diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis is usually based on the presence of >100 colonic adenomas, which, if left untreated, progress to colorectal cancer, typically at age under 40 years. Attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli is a variant of familial adenomatous polyposis and also has been described as "hereditary flat adenoma syndrome". Attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli is recognized by the occurrence of <100 (> or =5 or > or =10) colonic adenomas. It is tend to be located proximal to splenic flexure and a later onset of colorectal carcinoma than familial adenomatous polyposis. PURPOSE: This study was performed to analyze the clinicopathologic features of suspicious attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli, to document the occurrence of colorectal carcinoma, and to assess the definition of attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli.
METHODS
From June 1989 to June 1998, we reviewed 773 cases of colonic adenomas and compared with three groups (Group I, II, III) at Asan Medical Center. Median follow-up period was 16.4 months (range, 1 to 102 months).
RESULTS
The incidence of suspicious attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli (Group II) was 4.9%. The most common symptom was anal bleeding (36.9%). Median size and number of adenomas were 1.0 cm (0.2 to 7.5 cm), 2 (1 to 43), respectively.Location of adenoma was prevalent at right colon in Group II (P<0.05). In respect to the occurrence of carcinoma in situ (CIS), it was more frequently presented in Group II (13.5%) and Group III (13.6%) whereas 4.1% in Group I (P<0.05). Recurrence rates within 12 months after polypectomy or surgery in Group II was 13.5% whereas 5.6% in Group I (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Histopathology revealed suspicious attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli with villous component to be relatively correlated with occurrence of colorectal carcinoma. In suspicious attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli (Group II), the interval of the recurrence of the polyps was shorter than the control group with right colonic predominancy. These findings might be associated with genetic codominance of APC gene or other mutator genes.

Pedigree of the Specific Family of the FAP in Specific District of Korea and Psychologic Distress.: Hur, Suk Joo , Lee, Seok Hwan , Park, Ho Chul , Oh, Soo Myung , Yoon, Shoong , Lee, Kee Hyung; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1999;15(4):331-338.

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Abstract PDF: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is a rare and autosomal dominantly inherited disorder characterized by the development of hundreds to thousands of colorectal polyps. Korean Polyposis Registry was established in July, 1990 for early detection and management of the FAP patient. Recently, we have experienced in our institution a case of the FAP family kindred living in Jeju Island of Korea. Their relatives have been managed for the past 20 years and are listed in the Korean polyposis registry. Pathologic diagnosis of our proband was stage III (T3N1M0) rectal cancer with thousands of colonic polyps. Intrafamilial strife and psychologic distress was significant due to the late detection and progression to rectal cancer. Therefore, we reviewed our case of the FAP family with literature regarding the psychologic distress and the role of the regional registry.

Appendiceal Mucocele.: Choi, Young cheol , Jeong, Keuk Won , Lee, Seok , choi, Hyun cheol; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1999;15(4):315-320.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Mucocele of the appendix is merely a descriptive term for abnormal mucus accumulation causing distension of the appendiceal lumen, irrespective of the underlying cause. If untreated, one type of mucocele may rupture producing a potentially fatal entity known as pseudomyxoma peritonei. The purpose of this study is to clarify the clinical pictures of appendiceal mucocele and to provide a guide for treatment.
METHODS
To search the clinical characteristics of appendiceal mucocele, we retrospectively investigated 16 cases of appendiceal mucocele treated from January 1983 to December 1998 at the Department of Surgery, Masan Samsung Hospital.
RESULTS
There were 3 males and 13 females aged 44 to 83 years (mean 59.3 years). The peak incidence was in the 6th decade (6 cases, 37.5%). The most common symptom was right lower quadrant pain, and right lower quadrant tenderness was the most common physical finding. Histopathologic diagnoses were mucosal hyperplasia in 12 cases and mucinous cystadenoma in four. Simple appendectomy was performed in 8 patients with uncomplicated mucosal hyperplasia. Right hemicolectomy was performed in 3 patients with mucinous cystadenoma. Ileocecal resection was performed in one patient with mucosal hyperplasia and in another patient with mucinous cystadenoma. Appendectomy and oophorectomy was performed in 2 patients with mucosal hyperplasia and coexisting ovarian cyst, and appendectomy and fistulectomy, in one patient with mucosal hyperplasia and coexisting appendiceocutaneous fistula. Postoperative complications such as intestinal obstruction and wound infection occurred in 4 cases (25%). There was no postoperative mortality. Thirteen patients remain free of disease after surgical intervention, and one patient died 6 year later of peritoneal seeding caused by advanced gastric cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
Simple appendectomy is a reasonable choice for uncomplicated, unruptured mucoceles; however, a right hemicolectomy or ileocecal resection may be indicated if the mucocele is adherent to, or shows signs of invasion to cecum or ileum. At operation, a careful search should be made for 'coexisting' tumors of the ovary and gastrointestinal tract.

Surgical Review of the Rectal Villous Adenoma.: Lee, Jong Ho , Kim, Hung Dai , Son, Byung Ho , Yoo, Chang Hak , Park, Yong Lai , Shin, Jun ho , Kim, Yong Shin , Han, Won Kon , Pae, Won Gil; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1999;15(4):301-306.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was undertaken to evaluate retrospectively the clinical results of surgery for the rectal villous adenoma.
METHODS
The study took place from the period of Mar. of 1988 to Feb. 1998 at the Dept. of Surgery, Sungkyunkwan Univ., Medical college. The study consisted of : Among the 97 cases diagnosed with colon & rectal villous adenoma, and 59 were rectal villous adenoma, and 42 cases underwent resection. We focused on these 42 cases, especially on the position of tumor, its size, surgical technique, histologic results & keeping close follow up post-surgically.
RESULTS
The sex ratio was 2:1 with male predominence, 18 cases were in their fifties with the average age of 55. In 30 cases, the lesion was situated within the 8 cm of anal verge. The average size of tumor was 3.64 cm. The applied methods were; rectotomy 19 cases, anterior resection 13 cases (including low anterior resection), endoscopic excision and transanal excision were 7 cases, and 2 cases, respectively. And in one case where the tumor size was 14.5 cm and which was situated within 3 cm of anal verge, Miles' operation was conducted. Death due to post-operative complication was not observed. 2 cases of wound infection in postoperation, one case of transient urinary incontinence & hematoma were found. And in the case of explo-laparotomy, anastomosis site leakage, in one case, anastomosis site stricture in 2 cases were noted. malignant cells were observed in total of 73.8%, among these, 80% were from villous adenoma, 70% from tubullovillous adenoma. In the case of tumor size less 1 cm, and tumor size greater than 1 cm, the probability of finding malignant lesion were 33.3% and 76.9%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
We suggest that wideexcision through York-Mason approach is a safe and effective technique for huge villous adenomas of the rectum.

Case Report

A Case of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Combined with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.: Kim, Kwang Il , Lee, Jae Woon , Jo, Hae Chang , Park, Jong Hoon , Bae, Byung Jo; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2003;19(3):170-176.

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Abstract PDF: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by formation of multiple colorectal adenomas with nearly 100 percent potential for malignant transformation. FAP is a rare condition with an incidence of 1 in 10,000 live births. Germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC) located on chromosome 5q21 have been founded in many patients with FAP. Patients with FAP can have extracolonic manifestations of their disease. These include tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract (hamartomatous polyps, adenomas, carcinomas), small intestine adenomas or cacinoma, bile duct adenomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, osteomas of the mandible, skull, and long bones, a variety of soft tissue lesions, including fibromas, lipomas, and desmoid tumors, congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) and hepatoblastoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma combined with FAP is a very rare condition. Just 8 cases of Hepatocellular carcinoma with a history of FAP have been reported in the literature. We now present a report of a case of Hepatocellular carcinoma with FAP (Gardner's syndrome) in a 19 year-old girl.

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